5 10 64 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/296eedb924aff7bad00afa8991850603.jpg 99df0f4743311d0adc58b934c2173218 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource German WWII Documents Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Bekanntmachung Subject The topic of the resource An announcement regarding an attack by Dutch Resistance fighters on a Wehrmacht soldier and the reprisals measures that will be taken by German authorities. This announcement issued by Johann Baptist Albin Rauter (4 February 1895 – 24 March 1949) was a high-ranking Austrian-born SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. He was the Higher SS and Police Leader in the occupied Netherlands and therefore the leading security and police officer there during the period of 1940–1945. Rauter reported directly to the Nazi SS chief, Heinrich Himmler, and also to the Nazi Reichskommissar of the Netherlands, Arthur Seyss-Inquart. After World War II, Rauter was convicted in the Netherlands of crimes against humanity and executed by firing squad. In May 1940, he was appointed Generalkommissar für das Sicherheitswesen (General Commissioner for Security) and Höherer SS-und Polizeiführer (Higher SS and Police leader) for the occupied Netherlands. In his position as police commander and highest ranking SS leader in the Netherlands, Rauter was responsible for the deportation of 110,000 Dutch Jews to the Nazi concentration camps (6,000 survived) and the repression of the Dutch resistance. He had 300,000 Dutchmen deported to Germany for forced labour. His first victims to die were those killed during the armed break up of the February strike on 26 February 1941, accounting for 9 dead that day: he also immediately declared a state of emergency and ordered summary executions. He was the chief promoter of terror through summary arrests and internment in the Netherlands. The SS set up a concentration camp named Herzogenbusch after the city of 's-Hertogenbosch, but located in the neighboring town of Vught that gave the camp its name: Kamp Vught. In total this camp detained 31,000 people, of whom some 735 were killed. Also, his SS manned a so-called polizeiliches Durchgangslager or police transit camp near Amersfoort, known as Kamp Amersfoort, in fact also a concentration camp, where some 35,000 people were detained and maltreated and 650 people (Dutch and Russian) died. Rauter's SS also managed the Kamp Westerbork (polizeiliches Durchgangslager Westerbork), the place from which some 110,000 Dutch Jews were deported to Nazi concentration and extermination camps, mainly Auschwitz and Sobibor. Under Rauter's guidance, a special block was built for 'political prisoners' (i.e. resistance workers) in the Scheveningen prison. These were often held in indefinite detention. In total 28,000 people were detained here over 4 years; many were severely mistreated, some were tried and 738 men and 21 women died here or on the nearby execution field, the Waalsdorpervlakte (now a national place of remembrance). Rauter also instigated a system of retaliation for assaults on Nazi officials and their Dutch collaborators: one killed Nazi equalled ten Dutch victims, one killed Dutch collaborator equalled three Dutch victims. During 1944 these numbers sharply increased with the rise of resistance violence. During the Allied assault on Arnhem in Operation Market Garden, Rauter took the active field command of the Kampfgruppe Rauter during operations in the Veluwe area and near the bridges over the IJssel river. Kampfgruppe Rauter consisted of the Landstorm Nederland, Wachbataillon Nordwest and a regiment of the Ordnungspolizei. After the assault on Arnhem had been fought off by the Germans, Rauter was given the command of the Maas front as a General in the Waffen-SS. In the night of 6–7 March 1945 he was severely wounded by an attack staged by the Dutch resistance at Woeste Hoeve on the Veluwe, a small village between Arnhem and Apeldoorn. In a reprisal organised by SS-Brigadeführer Karl Eberhard Schöngarth, the Germans executed 117 political prisoners at the location of the attack as well as 50 prisoners in Kamp Amersfoort and 40 prisoners each in The Hague and Rotterdam—a total of 263 persons were killed. This attack had not been planned; the resistance merely wanted to hijack a truck and use it to drive to a farmer who had butchered cows for the German army. Instead of the truck, Rauter's BMW motorcar was stopped by members of the resistance dressed in German uniforms. However, Rauter had just two weeks earlier issued a directive stating that German patrols should not stop any German military vehicles outside towns or villages, and a firefight broke out. His fellow passengers were all killed, but Rauter feigned death and survived. He was found by a German military patrol and transferred to a hospital where he remained until his arrest by British Military Police after the end of hostilities. Rauter was handed over to the Dutch government by the British and was tried by a special court in The Hague. Rauter denied committing war crimes, but the court found him guilty and sentenced him to death. A film record was made of the trial. The death sentence was confirmed by a higher court on 12 January 1949, and Rauter was executed by firing squad near Scheveningen on 24 March 1949.The location of his grave remains a state secret. It is unclear what resistance action specifically took place on this January 30th 1943, but the reprisal described here seems relatively mild compared with the system he would implement later. The names of the resistance members involved and the Wehrmacht soldier killed remain unknown at this time. Description An account of the resource ANNOUNCEMENT On January 30, 1943, a member of the German Wehrmacht was shot in the back in the municipality of Haarlem. As a reprisal for this attack, the curfew in the municipalities of Haarlem, Bloemendaal, and Heemstede is immediately moved forward from 24:00 (midnight) to 19:00 (7:00 p.m.) until further notice. Furthermore, the mayors of the aforementioned municipalities are instructed to immediately assign residents of the communities to a yet-to-be-determined patrol duty. Further measures will follow. The Hague, January 31, 1943 The Higher SS and Police Leader and Reich Commissioner for Security Affairs, RAUTER, SS-Gruppenführer Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Purchased from Antiekcentrum Amsterdam, Netherlands. Translation provided by ChatGPT and additional information taken from Wikipedia. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 31, 1943 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/70a900212246a785960324e2a044198c.jpg 533be784c15513201449632e274a83cc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Japanese WWII Photos Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Two Japanese Soldiers in Etchu Fundoshi Subject The topic of the resource This is a photo of two Japanese soldiers Etchu Fundoshi (loincloth underwear) wearing their helmets and carrying their Type 38 rifles with backpacks hanging off of the ends. They are also wearing their leather cartridge belts across their upper torsos like a bandolier. In the background there are some other soldiers and possible a mule near a body of water. Description An account of the resource The remnants of stickers at the corners of the photo indicate that this was taken from a larger photo album. Without the larger album for context, the soldiers names, unit, and location are difficult to determine. The grass seems more China or Manchuria than a pacific island, but this is only a guess. They might be getting ready to swim or bathe in the river. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Purchased from Vintage Productions at the Pomona Fairgrounds show. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource German WWII Documents Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Journal of Wolfgang Schewe (Kriegsmarine) Description An account of the resource Watch and Duty Small Watch Groups Watch Officer: Lieutenant Fraszezak Engineer Officer: Lieutenant Thielmann Chief Engineer: Senior Engineer Hegmann Helmsman: Petty Officer Meissner Division Commander: Captain z. See Gumprich The Training Period from 7 January to 31 May 1941 My Introduction to Active Service On January 7, 1941, around 6 p.m., I traveled with the 13th platoon from Berlin to the port of Stralsund. We arrived there at about 6 a.m., after a journey of several hours. Upon our arrival, we were assigned to the accommodation in the barracks and soon went to the naval training company. There was a lot of hustle and bustle! We were met by our commanding officers. “Gentlemen! You are now part of the submarine service!” We were given a short speech. Slowly, I began to feel proud to belong to such a company. Everything here was new and exciting. In the afternoon, we were assigned to our platoons and groups. I came to the 4th company for further training and was placed in the 3rd platoon, 9th group. Basic training began immediately afterward. ________________________________________ 3 Months of Basic Training Introduction Finally, the long-awaited day of basic training had come. For a long time, I had been preparing myself to fulfill the duties of a German sailor to the best of my ability. Although I already had an idea of what awaited me — the hardships and difficulties of a sailor’s life — I was still determined to give my best. We were now to learn everything that belonged to the foundation of military service: discipline, obedience, and physical endurance. The last days were spent with intensified exercises, and we were tested in the use of rifles and hand grenades. The training lasted four weeks. Training – Basic Exercises The Basic Training The first days of service were quite tough. In addition to the regular duties, we began with basic training. That meant: “Introduction to basic exercises!” The instructors were strict. The commands had to be carried out quickly. Everything had to happen with precision and discipline. At first, it was hard to keep up, but after a short time, it became easier and easier. Again and again, we practiced the rifle drill and often the group was driven to exhaustion by the drill instructors. But all of this had its purpose — above all, discipline had to be achieved. In addition to rifle drills, we also learned marching, handling of weapons, and basic combat exercises. After a few weeks, our company was divided, and I came to the 2nd platoon, under the command of Chief Petty Officer Schröder. He placed great emphasis on neat uniforms and clean equipment. We were also taught other military basics, such as the use of hand grenades, field service regulations, and basic naval combat principles. The last few days before the conclusion of basic training were spent with intensified exercises, and we were tested in the use of rifles and hand grenades. After the end of training, there was a parade and an inspection. I must honestly say that, although it was difficult, I had grown used to the daily routine and discipline by then. On January 30, 1941, basic training officially ended for me. I was proud to have endured it. From that moment on, we felt like real sailors, ready for the next stage of training — the sea and submarine service necessary to overcome all difficulties and at the same time to dedicate my whole life to this service. Field and Combat Service The field service was quite tough at times. I must say that this was not the easiest part of my preliminary military training. Especially exhausting for me, however, was the M.G. (machine-gun) course. Handling the M.G. was always a special pleasure for me, but also a difficult one. After some time, I became quite adept at it and was assigned to the M.G. troop. During a short exercise march, I had to carry out a 10-kilometer route with full pack and M.G. equipment. At that time, I carried an additional M.G. case. In the following days, I was trained in assembling and disassembling the weapon. We were a group of three assigned to one gun (the M.G. 34). I received the order to operate my M.G. independently and to maintain it in good condition. We practiced setting up firing positions, aiming, and defensive shooting. Each day, the training with the M.G. became easier and more enjoyable. Every exercise concluded with a terrain-based combat practice, during which all previous lessons were applied. We learned to coordinate movements with our platoon. The M.G. troop always had to provide covering fire. I passed my first field exercise with distinction. ________________________________________ Sport and Swimming In sports, my performance was always satisfactory to good. Gymnastics formed the basis of our physical training. In addition to gymnastics, running and swimming were among my main disciplines training and education. I was assigned to the coastal command. ________________________________________ The Garrison Duty During this time, the daily routine consisted of morning roll call, garrison duty, and the noon inspection, followed by weapons cleaning on deck. ________________________________________ 16. III. For field exercises, I was assigned to the garrison company. At 13:00 hours, we received a short briefing from the company commander. ________________________________________ 23. III. On this day, I took part in the marksmanship training with the M.G. (machine gun) troop and practiced with the anti-aircraft cannon. The training lasted from 11:00 until 16:00 hours and included target practice. ________________________________________ 26. III. Day of the Inspection The training ship Clauswitz carried out field and nautical exercises. I myself took part in an officer-candidate exercise and passed all required tests in both the field exercise and the shipboard training. ________________________________________ 27. III. The commander-in-chief, Admiral Marschall, inspected the 5th Company and spoke a few words of praise to the men. ________________________________________ 31. III. The day of departure finally arrived. After final preparations and a last roll call, we boarded the transport train. Our destination: Flensburg. Arrival there at 20:00 hours. Transfer to the training ship Caribia! Mürwik – Caribia My Superiors Commander of the training ship: Rear Admiral Lohmann Company Chief: Corvette Captain (Engineer) Glawatz Senior Engineer: Senior Engineer Meyer Platoon Officer: Lieutenant (Engineer) Stockfleth Platoon Leader: Warrant Officer Finze ________________________________________ (Below this text, there is a hand-drawn illustration of the training ship “Caribia.”) I. Onboard Training Accommodation and Assignment in my Command 1. IV. 1941 On the morning of April 1st, after a long train journey, we reached our destination: Flensburg. Upon arrival, we formed up in ranks and, under the supervision of Lieutenant (Engineer), were marched to the Naval Academy. There, after a short rest, we were transferred by truck to the training ship Caribia. Caribia was to become my new home for the next few months. The Caribia is a 12,000-ton ship of the Hamburg–America Line, fitted out for naval training purposes. I came to the command of Lieutenant T. Kleeff. Initial impressions were very good. The ship was clean and orderly. We were assigned our quarters, and soon afterward I could begin arranging my bunk and locker. The mood among the men was cheerful and spirited. Our officers and petty officers made a solid impression. In general, the atmosphere was thoroughly naval!! ________________________________________ 2. IV. 1941 After breakfast on the 2nd of April, we were given a tour of the ship to become familiar with its layout. Everything was very instructive. We were shown every department and introduced to the duties of the crew. Afterward, we practiced an emergency assembly drill, which went smoothly. The ship life began to take on its daily rhythm. 3. IV. 1941 Beginning of Service Instruction in “Ship Familiarization” on Thursday morning marked the beginning of active service. The engineering officer gave an introductory lecture and made us familiar with the layout and structure of the ship. He explained the individual sections and their functions in detail, introducing us to the routines of officer duties, maintenance, work orders, and service schedules. Afterward, we inspected the ship’s machinery. The engine room, with its complicated array of pipes and valves, made a strong impression. The engineering officer showed and explained the function of the various components of the propulsion system. Before lunch, the daily cleaning of our quarters took place — every man had his assigned duty! Afterward came the first watch exercise on deck. Under the supervision of the duty officers, we learned how to handle ropes and lines, to tie knots, and to perform the necessary watchkeeping duties. In the afternoon, we participated in the lifeboat drills. We were divided into rescue teams and assigned to our lifeboats. Each of us had to learn how to lower and secure the boats. Later in the day, we received our first theoretical lecture on U-boat construction. It dealt with the structure of a pressure hull and its components. The work was exhausting but extremely interesting and instructive. I am already gaining valuable lessons for later service on U-boats! 4. IV. 1941 In the afternoon lesson, we received our first instruction in shipboard service. This instruction is meant to familiarize us early on with life aboard ship. After lunch, we had an exercise in provisioning the ship. It went quite successfully. The officers in charge oversaw the loading and distribution of supplies, and we received an introduction to the procedures involved. From 18:00 until bedtime, the rest of the day was spent in leisure. Some played chess or card games, others wrote letters or read books. A few took a walk on deck. At 20:00 we held an evening muster; afterward, I went ashore with a few comrades for a short stroll through the city. I returned to the ship around 22:00 and spent the night aboard. ________________________________________ 5. IV. 1941 It was a day in Hamburg. My watch lasted until 08:00. After breakfast, the entire day was free. Before noon, I visited my relatives, who live in the nearby suburb of Fuhlsbüttel. After lunch, I was back on board at 14:30. From Hamburg, we were to undertake a short familiarization voyage along the Elbe River. All men were present on board; the ship Caribia cast off around 17:00. We sailed downstream the Elbe, passed Blankenese, and continued until about 3 km beyond Glückstadt, where we anchored. From there, we enjoyed a magnificent evening view over the river. Soon after Flensburg, after a short stop in the Bendixen shipyard “Maasz,” the Caribia was completely ready. For me, this day coincided in part with my birthday! ________________________________________ 7. IV. 1941 When I found out and mentioned it casually, my comrades warmly congratulated me. That evening, we had a small celebration — modest, but cheerful. Everyone joined in the spirit of it. After dinner we took a brief walk on deck. The weather was clear and calm, and the evening air pleasantly cool. Then I went down into the long corridor leading to the officers’ quarters. There the usual evening routine continued — letter-writing, reading, and conversation. Before turning in for the night, I went up on deck again. The stars shone brightly, and the soft hum of the engines filled the quiet. Our instructor in seamanship gave us a short talk on handling ropes and mooring lines; after that we were dismissed. We then received our first order to prepare the lifeboats. Each man was assigned to his specific boat station. The Caribia was now fully provisioned, all preparations completed, and we were ready for the next stage of our journey. ________________________________________ 8. IV. 1941 After breakfast (around 10:00 a.m.) we conducted a boat drill. The lifeboats were lowered into the water, and we practiced rowing and maneuvering. Although the morning air was still rather cool, the exercise went smoothly, and coordination among the crews improved noticeably. By noon, we already showed a clear sense of cooperation and readiness. The lectures by the engineering officers so far have been very good and clear in content, structure, and presentation — a truly comprehensive introduction! After the second morning lecture, we studied electrotechnics. The topic began with the basics of electricity — direct current, alternating current, and electrical resistance. Through drawings and explanations, the instructor introduced us to the principles of electrical engineering. We then moved on to the electrotechnical office (EMK), where we practiced measurements and circuit testing. These initial demonstrations are extremely important for our understanding of engines and equipment. After lunch, we continued the exercises in our workbooks. ________________________________________ 9. IV. 1941 In the afternoon, we performed 33 field exercises. These were mainly orientation and signaling drills. Even though the weather was somewhat chilly, the exercises went well. Around 3 p.m. we took part in a boat trip that was part of the following navigation practice. During this trip, we were shown handling maneuvers such as turning, stopping, and docking. The Caribia lay still while we maneuvered the small boats around her hull. The instruction on wind direction and currents was particularly interesting, and we were able to observe the influence of both on steering and movement. In the evening, I had a short conversation with an officer about the upcoming watch schedule. Tomorrow we will begin night watch training, starting at 6 p.m. For the first time, we are to stand together on deck in pairs — one acting as watch officer, the other as helmsman. These are not easy duties, because the watches require both alertness and calm under pressure on the watch, was learned thoroughly. From the watch service training, I am beginning to get a clear idea of the duties of a watch officer and therefore understand the bridge operations better. To perform the duties properly, one must always keep in mind the responsibility carried in such a position! ________________________________________ 10. IV. 1941 During the night leading into Thursday, we again had maneuver exercises. The duty began with watch practice. Despite the cold and slightly foggy weather, everything went well. Afterwards, we practiced "bearing plotting" in a navigation exercise. We learned how to determine the position and course of another ship using bearings. This was first practiced on the blackboard; later, the exercises were carried out in small groups on deck using binoculars and bearing compasses. After such exercises, we again moved to the classrooms. We were divided into smaller groups of four to six men. These groups are to remain together for the duration of the training, which has already led to a more pleasant working atmosphere. The exercises require great concentration, but soon everything became clearer through repetition. After lunch, we gathered again on the upper deck for lifeboat drills. It was a lively afternoon, and everyone enjoyed the change of pace. ________________________________________ 11. IV. 1941 Day of rest. At 8 a.m. inspection and small flag parade! Everything went perfectly; the commander was visibly satisfied! At 10 o’clock, the church service took place. I was part of the choir. During my second watch later, I was able to observe the arrival of the Caribia and even exchange signals with her. It was an interesting sight and brought some welcome change to the usual routine. After lunch, I spent most of my free time writing letters. For the afternoon, swimming instruction was on the schedule from 3 p.m. onward. I first went to the harbor baths, but the water was still very cold. All the same, it was good to have the chance to get used to it again. After that, I visited a comrade from Hamburg. That was a nice change! Later, I went to the cinema, where I saw the film “Wish Upon a Star.” After that, I went to my room and then to the canteen. ________________________________________ 12. IV. 1941 Morning: study and diving instruction. At our station, we had to ensure that everything functioned properly. Since I was assigned to work with an officer at the machine telegraph, I went to the control room. There, I practiced together with the console operator. This lieutenant gave me valuable guidance and showed me the finer points of the diving procedure. Later, we had a lecture on submarine tactics. The class lasted about two hours. After the instruction, we again had time off. In the evening, I met with a few comrades, and together we wrote letters and relaxed. After 10 p.m., I went back to my quarters and soon to bed. After my return from Flensburg, during my brief stay in the barracks “Maas,” the entire Caribia crew was assembled again — I was able to take part in part of the celebration of my birthday! ________________________________________ 14. IV. 1941 When I wanted to sleep that night, I noticed that part of my bedding had not been returned from the laundry. I had to improvise with what was available. The next morning, after breakfast, I had my first watch duty again. The officers were, unfortunately, not yet back on board. In the morning, I dealt with my correspondence and my diary. Later, we were allowed to go ashore and spend some time in the city. When we returned, the Caribia was already showing signs of activity again. The afternoon passed with maintenance and technical cleaning work. In the evening, I occupied myself with my personal studies for the service exam. ________________________________________ 15. IV. 1941 The day began with watch training. Since I was still not yet assigned to the torpedo section, I was again in the technical watch. We began the morning with a theory class on electrical engineering (alternating current). Afterward, we went to the electrical laboratory for practical exercises and stayed there until lunch. After the midday break, we had free time until 4 p.m. Then, another practical exercise followed, and the day concluded with an evening lecture that, despite being long, was quite interesting. The training was of fundamental importance for the future! We were now assigned to the electricians. For three days we received theoretical lessons. The instructor gave us a good overview of the equipment and their operation. The material was very interesting. I was particularly struck by how precise and reliable the electrical systems are, and how essential they are for the proper functioning of the submarine. Everything has to work perfectly — if even one circuit fails, it could easily lead to a dangerous situation. We are now quite familiar with the systems and therefore feel much more confident. ________________________________________ 16. IV. 1941 Because of an unfortunate delay in the completion of our training, we were only finished around 4 p.m. that afternoon. After lunch we returned to the ship. That evening there were a few announcements made to the entire crew. Among other things, it was said that we would soon begin our sea trials on the Caribia. During the following days, the exercises were to consist of practical instruction in specific operations. The overall training schedule seemed to be tightening, and our days were now very full. After evening roll call, I went back to my quarters. Before turning in, we received a short lecture about navigation from the chief engineer. Then we had the rest of the evening off. 17. IV. 1941 In engineering class today, we first learned about practical matters: the proper operation and maintenance of the engines, and the purpose of various valves and regulators in the engine room. The instructor — himself a machinist — explained the connections in great detail, often using examples from his own service experience. We are not yet allowed to take part in the engine watch, but it is expected that we will soon be assigned to shifts. The theoretical instruction is therefore particularly important right now. The engines and their operation are extremely interesting, though the material is also quite difficult. Most of us are still unfamiliar with many of the technical terms. After lunch we had a short lecture about battery cells. Then we received instruction about torpedo maintenance. In the afternoon I began my first practical work in the ship’s workshop. We were busy until around 4:15 p.m. I feel that I am already starting to become more confident in these tasks. ________________________________________ 18. IV. 1941 This morning we again had engineering instruction. As a change of pace, we also studied the air compressors and learned how the compressed air is used to operate certain valves and control systems on board. Afterward, the commander gave a short address in the crew’s quarters and emphasized once more the importance of discipline and precision. Each man must be able to rely absolutely on the other. That afternoon, one of the officers gave us a demonstration on the gyrocompass. It was fascinating to see how such delicate mechanisms function perfectly even when the boat is pitching and rolling. I will likely be assigned soon to work in this area as well. After a short practice exercise in the torpedo room, we were released for the afternoon. Later I went to the infirmary. I still needed some ointment for a skin irritation and also wanted to have my right shoulder looked at again — it has been aching for several days now, probably from working in a cramped position. ________________________________________ 19. IV. 1941 In the morning, we once again had class in the control room and practiced the handling of the diving apparatus. By now, most of us are able to operate the depth controls with a fair degree of confidence, though it still requires concentration. After lunch, we took part in a drill and practiced crash diving (“Alarmtauchmanöver”). Everything went smoothly — the commander was very satisfied and praised us for our “quick reaction.” Later in the afternoon we had some free time. I went ashore with Reiner and Karl Peters. We sat for a while in a café; I liked it very much. In the evening, we went to the cinema and saw an English film — a romantic comedy! ________________________________________ 20. IV. 1941 Because of the commander’s birthday, we had only a short duty day on Sunday. After morning inspection, we were given some free time. Some of us stayed aboard to rest, while others went ashore together. At 1 o’clock, there was a brief gathering in the wardroom, and afterwards we resumed light duties. Everything was not yet finished with the usual duties, but we gathered once more to complete our assignments. It was already quite late; around 10 p.m. we finally went back to our quarters. ________________________________________ 21. IV. 1941 The day began with a short morning exercise. Afterwards, during the forenoon, I had to take part in the “diving tank training.” The session went quite well. Although I was still somewhat clumsy, I didn’t make any serious mistakes. During the torpedo drill we were once again divided into groups, and I worked with Lorenz. He’s a solid and reliable comrade — we get along quite well. Later we went through the hydraulic system and practiced the loading of torpedoes. That took up most of the day. After the evening meal, I read for a while and then went to bed early. The training exercises are gradually taking their toll. ________________________________________ (Cartoon at bottom of page) The drawing shows two sailors carrying heavy logs across a quay, struggling and sweating. One is stooped forward with effort, while an officer (partly drawn on the right) shouts instructions. Text in the illustration reads: • “Sie dolle... Haben Sie überhaupt geschlafen?! 10 Uhr Seewache!” → “You tough guys... Did you even get any sleep?! 10 o’clock sea watch!” • “Sie sind wohl toll geworden?! Strecken Sie ja im Takt aus!!” → “Have you gone crazy?! Keep in step, I said!!” ________________________________________ April 22, 1941 After breakfast, we had classroom instruction. I went over to the nearby shipyard where I had to supervise a diving operation. The divers were busy repairing a part of the hull. Later in the morning, I continued working until about 2 p.m. on my report for the “Instruments” section. Unfortunately, there was little time left to finish the work I had planned before our upcoming practical exercises. In the afternoon, we went to the swimming pool for diving practice. ________________________________________ In preparation for the visit of the regional admiral, we were assigned to M.S. We received theoretical and practical instruction about assembling and disassembling the torpedo. It was quite interesting to handle this dangerous weapon up close for the first time. We also reviewed the basics of torpedo physics and the firing mechanism. As usual, I found it quite fascinating to see how the devices worked—something I had only read about before in training manuals. During the practice, one of the detonators jammed for a moment, which gave us quite a scare. However, it was quickly resolved without incident. The work at the torpedo range took all afternoon and went very well. I was completely covered in oil and soot afterward! I took a long bath later in the evening and then wrote a few letters before going to bed. So ended a long but interesting day—one of the best of my training so far. ________________________________________ April 23, 1941 It was a truly exhausting day. The morning began with classroom instruction. For two hours, we were busy practicing diving maneuvers and reviewing theoretical material. Afterward, we had some time for gymnastics (calisthenics). The weather was once again beautifully warm. At noon, we played a soccer match against the 6th platoon. It was a completely fair and spirited game, played with great enthusiasm and good humor. The 6th platoon had several skilled players, and although our team fought hard, we were ultimately defeated 6:3. I served as goalkeeper again and made several good saves, though one of the goals against us was admittedly my fault. Afterward, we all lay in the grass chatting and relaxing. Many spectators had gathered; even the company commander came by to watch. During the afternoon, two of our comrades were reprimanded by the company commander for earlier disciplinary issues. Our officer spoke sternly but fairly. I think the warning was effective—both men seemed deeply ashamed afterward. After supper, we had another lecture on torpedo construction. The material was presented very clearly, and I followed the discussion with great interest. I wrote a letter to my parents afterward and read a bit before turning in. Around 10 p.m., I was in bed, completely exhausted but satisfied with the day’s work. ________________________________________ April 24, 1941 Today we were assigned to the upper deck early in the morning. It concerned exercises with the torpedoes and the launching gear. After the “Klarieren-Tiefsee-Fahrt (Degaussing)” we received only a brief lecture about its purpose, since the subject had already been sufficiently covered in the navigation course. In the afternoon class, however, we went again to our actual instructional area, namely a submarine, to study in detail the internal construction of the vessel. Further on, we had to fill the ballast tanks with compressed air. This took quite a long time, since the tanks were very large. Unfortunately, I got quite a bad headache; I assume it was from the air-compression devices. I was glad when, in the afternoon, the work came to an end and we were able to go ashore again. During the torpedo instruction we received today, we were shown the operating mechanisms of the torpedo. We began with a general explanation. I already knew a little of it, yet today’s explanations were very interesting and clear to me. The officers were friendly and patient. ________________________________________ 25. IV. 1941 Today we had swimming practice again! The water was bitterly cold. Swimming back and forth several times demanded a great deal of effort from me, and after some time I could hardly feel my arms anymore. The others also had difficulty keeping up the pace. The exercise was supposed to last two hours; however, because the waves were so strong, we were allowed to finish after about an hour and a half. The company commander praised us for our perseverance and endurance whereupon I became known and now apply myself to the greatest diligence in order not to stand out unfavorably. The afternoon passed without any particular incidents. We practiced our duties and reviewed the course of actions concerning the electric torpedoes. ________________________________________ 26. IV. 1941 Once again, the end of the week has arrived, and with it the inspection. Because of the practiced maneuvers, the morning passed quite swiftly. Since the drill for the coming week was already issued yesterday by the commanding officer, we did not have to practice again. Despite the frequent exercises, the spirit and mood remain good, though it is not always easy to maintain one’s concentration. After the inspection, we were given free time. Some went ashore again, while others stayed behind to write letters. I remained on board; the weather was too beautiful for me to go below deck. I am feeling very well — physically, I am quite fit! After lunch, we had a very thorough inspection. The officers examined every item of equipment down to the smallest detail and found nothing to criticize. In the afternoon, I used the remaining time to write a few letters home and to attend to my personal correspondence. ________________________________________ “And that was really, really good!!” “Penalty for handball! — Shoot!!” ________________________________________ Cartoon text at the bottom “Careful — only into the crouching position! Are you trying to get the ball out of the goal?! Stretch out your legs!!!” ________________________________________ 27. IV. 1941 The diving exercises today were not satisfactory either. Some comrades were still not completely sure in their movements and handling of equipment. Our 1st group performed somewhat better. I am now in the 3rd watch section and therefore participate in special instruction. The weather has again turned quite favorable; bright and clear. I am beginning to get used to the constant changes of the ship’s movements. The food continues to be good, and the overall atmosphere among the men is cheerful. My health is very good, and I am steadily improving in physical fitness and endurance. In the evening, I took part in a lecture on England — very interesting. ________________________________________ 28. IV. 1941 During the morning’s instruction, I worked with two men on torpedo firing mechanisms. At noon, I received a message from my superior informing me that I had been proposed for the “German Sports Badge” in Hamburg. This pleased me greatly! Paul M. and another comrade were also named for this award — a sign of special distinction!! In the afternoon, we carried out a new exercise involving the launch sequence. For this, the same orders as during our last dive drill applied. One of the men forgot his breathing apparatus and had to retrieve it from the aft compartment, which delayed the operation somewhat. After dinner we had a very spirited discussion. The commanding officer had expressed himself in the sense that officers are individuals and should not be “mass-produced.” In the subsequent conversation I voiced my opinion that officers must also be educated to some degree of conformity with the spiritual ideals of the Navy. Also, I still found the diving exercises unsatisfactory. Some comrades are not yet entirely confident in our new combat methods. The 1st group achieved quite good results. In the 3rd group, several errors occurred which clearly showed a lack of composure and clarity under water. It is not easy to remain calm in this enclosed space, where every action must be performed precisely and without haste. I therefore made my men practice all maneuvers twice. The exercises lasted until late evening. ________________________________________ 27. IV. 1941 After dinner we had a rather comradely gathering. The officers’ mess had invited us to the “Kaiserhalle.” We went there in the evening and found the place already quite full. I was seated at a table with some senior officers, including the commander of our flotilla. The mood was very cheerful. We sang songs, drank, and made jokes. It was 2 a.m. when we finally left. The “Kaiserhalle” has made an excellent impression on me — it is very attractively decorated, and I can imagine that, in peacetime, it would be a very lively and comfortable meeting place. ________________________________________ 29. IV. 1941 The torpedo practice today went fairly well. In the second group, however, one of the boats had a misfire due to a faulty detonator. This led to a certain amount of dissatisfaction, but the error was quickly corrected. For the remainder of the exercise, we carried out practice attacks against a dummy convoy. The cooperation between the attack boats and the escort defense was already much improved. In the E-group exercise we had to fire torpedoes under particularly difficult conditions. The sea was somewhat rough, and therefore the results were not as good as expected. Still, I am satisfied that the men are mastering the practical handling of the torpedo weapons better each day sometimes from the right, sometimes from the left — and sometimes not at all. The 6th training division has now also completed the torpedo exercises. In the evening there was a long and pleasant event. A good entertainment program and several lectures made for an enjoyable gathering. The entire 3rd U-boat flotilla was assembled in the hall of the torpedo school. The officers themselves gave some excellent performances that set a cheerful mood. The U-boat song “When the grey wolves prowl the seas” was sung again with great enthusiasm. Such evenings, which are naturally rare, always create good camaraderie and, for a short time, a bit of variety for the otherwise monotonous daily routine. Unfortunately, these occasions are still far too rare. ________________________________________ 30. IV. 1941 Our training has concluded! Tomorrow we will receive our assignments in this location. It seems that all indications point to my being assigned to the 4th U-boat flotilla in Stettin. So, I will soon be leaving here. I am both happy and yet somewhat wistful — after all, one has grown attached to this place and its people over these many months. In general, however, I am looking forward to active service. After the afternoon’s sports exercises, we had a final torpedo-firing lecture. In the evening, during the general roll call, the commander gave a short speech. He expressed his appreciation for our performance and presented us with a final, well-earned “training badge.” With that, our training period came officially to an end. The best part was the concert performance of a naval orchestra. The individual pieces were quite beautiful, and the conductor appeared to be a capable man. Completely unexpectedly, I found myself called out by my superior officer. As I had received no previous notice, I was quite astonished. He told me that my name had been mentioned several times in recent weeks in connection with exemplary conduct. My delight was correspondingly great! Supposedly, I am to be promoted soon. My commanding officer has already submitted the proposal. This evening, we once again practiced for “Our Sea in Action.” Several long recordings were made, in which the choir and orchestra performed together. One could clearly see that the orchestra is now far more confident than at the beginning of the exercises. During the singing of the hymn, “Our Sea in Action,” the playing and singing were already much more cohesive. Only the timpani were still a bit uncertain. For the most part, the performance made a very good impression! ________________________________________ 1 May 1941 — Day of National Labor This day was very welcome to me. I devoted myself once again entirely to intellectual work. Unfortunately, I could not go into the city this morning, since I had to finish a written assignment for the school. However, I found the work quite enjoyable. After lunch, I was able to take a short walk; in the afternoon before supper, since I was very tired. I then participated in the afternoon sports exercises and afterward watched the gymnastics display. After that, I returned to my work. In the evening, I went to the cinema and saw a very beautiful film. ________________________________________ 2 May 1941 The hour of instruction assigned to me today was quite interesting. Our teacher gave us a clear presentation of the subject matter. His manner of teaching and his style of speaking make even the most complicated explanations seem quite understandable. I was very surprised! In the afternoon, before the lecture and the tactical exercises, the smaller class participated in the so-called “submarine tactical game.” The arrangement of the surface and submerged boats was carried out on a chart table which represented a stretch of sea near the Atlantic entrance of the English Channel. The conduct of the game was explained by an officer, and I could vividly imagine the entire situation. I also took part in a command discussion. Although I have not yet completed my training, I was able to follow the lecture with interest and even contribute a few comments. Afterward, the commanding officer gave a talk about “The Command of a Warship.” He spoke about the personality of the commanding officer, his attitude, and his moral conduct toward the crew. His words were deeply impressive and contained much truth. We young officers must strive to embody the type of commanding officer who is both strong in leadership and rich in spirit. I was particularly moved by his concluding remarks about the moral and spiritual formation of future leaders. Late in the evening we still had some exercises in the physics laboratory. Even though the technical apparatus was somewhat old, the exercises were quite interesting. In the course of the training, we were given an introduction to the properties of gases, particularly concerning compressed gases and their use in submarine construction and operation. (Note: The accompanying drawing depicts a sailor working with gas cylinders and pressure equipment, labeled humorously “Leaks are not uncommon!”) ________________________________________ 3 May 1941 A particularly eventful Saturday began with our morning inspection. The cleanliness of the quarters left nothing to be desired. Then we had a somewhat longer instruction session in the use of measuring devices. We learned precise procedures for calibration and the correct handling of the instruments. Later we went through some practical exercises on the firing simulator. These demanded a high level of attention and concentration, and I was quite exhausted afterward. In the afternoon, we had torpedo instruction again, focusing mainly on setting depth and direction. The coordination between aiming and control is becoming increasingly familiar to me, though I still make some small mistakes. After dinner, I attended a lecture in the officers’ mess. It was particularly instructive — the topic concerned recent developments in the field of acoustic torpedoes. After lunch I still had some time and attended another diving and pressure-chamber instruction. The session did not take place because the instructor, Korvettenkapitän X, was not present. Thus I spent the remaining time with the ship’s company. During my short stay on deck I once again had the opportunity to observe the surroundings. The weather was splendid — sunshine and a calm sea. In the afternoon I was assigned to the sports field for swimming training. Although I am not an enthusiastic swimmer, I am making noticeable progress. Still, I find the long-distance swims somewhat tiring, especially the required 2100 metres. The subsequent underwater swimming and diving drills were demanding. I managed to hold my breath for nearly two minutes — a small personal success. During the following rescue-apparatus exercise I was reminded how easily a small technical fault becomes unpleasant: a leak in one of the valves let water in, which was not enjoyable. ________________________________________ 4 May 1941 During the Sunday afternoon I put my things in order. Everything had to be ready, as our commanding officer planned a general inspection in the coming days. Around 16:00 hours we had a short formation. Afterwards I stayed on deck and enjoyed the fresh air for a bit. Later I read in my physics textbook until supper. After supper I remained below decks and read for a while. What a good feeling it is to have a peaceful Sunday evening. Unfortunately, the weather continues to be gloomy. Even though it has now brightened somewhat, it is still oppressively humid. I can hardly pull myself together. After a short walk on deck, I feel somewhat better. Despite that, I notice that my circulation is sluggish and my head feels heavy. Unfortunately, this oppressive weather will probably continue for a few more days. It is extremely tiring. Later, I sit in the common room and write a few letters. Then I take part in a short social gathering. Around 18:00 hours I attend a talk given by the commander in the wardroom. It dealt with the German people in the fight against England and the significance of the present situation. The commander explained the current tasks of our U-boats. Unfortunately, he did not give any details about the exact destinations. His speech made a strong impression on me; one could sense his deep faith in the outcome of the battle of the U-boats. Perhaps we will indeed be victorious in the end! After that, I spent some time with my comrades and then went to bed early. With a clear head and cheerful thoughts, I fell asleep quickly. ________________________________________ 5 May 1941 “Attack on the ‘Russia’.” — Fortunately, I did not participate in this exercise as a watch officer (since the attack was simulated). It was a theoretical “attack on the Russia” and served purely for practice. The exercise lasted about 45 minutes. I observed from the control room and took careful notes. Later, I reviewed my notes and checked them. After lunch, I went on deck for a short while and enjoyed the fresh air. Lately I have not been able to sleep well anymore. Perhaps the generally heavy, oppressive weather is to blame, or perhaps my cell is to blame — but one always finds some cause. Lately I have also been suffering from dizziness. I had to spend the entire day mostly lying down, and the dizziness did not leave me. After a restful sleep of 10 hours, I examined my condition and then began again with reading or resting and lying down. Fortunately, I recovered quickly. I completed my usual correspondence and otherwise occupied myself with my studies. I have completely recovered from my dizziness! ________________________________________ 6.V.1941 My dizziness has returned once more after a long period. It lasted for about 1–2 hours. However, I did not let myself become discouraged by this. I continued with my studies. My mood nevertheless remained fairly good. In the afternoon I eagerly read newspaper clippings about the sinking of the “Courageous.” I rejoiced greatly and with true satisfaction, and in the pleasant memory of this success I reviewed the course of the battle once again. I was truly delighted! During officer instruction we were given the order that, in the near future, a new division would be formed. In the evening I went to bed late — I was exhausted!! I was again able to complete my usual daily routine (more or less). ________________________________________ 7.V.1941 Early in the morning the doctor examined my ears after renewed ear pain. He determined that my return to the Caribia. Here I familiarized myself thoroughly with the situation at the cigarette and pleasure-goods factory worker. Immediately afterwards I went into the wood workshop and familiarized myself in the smithy with the ††††††††††††† (unclear word). At full steam I now set to work in order to make up the knowledge of the officials. I forged a foot-fitting, held my bellows slowly to the fire. Hours.” Under the drawing: “From the brow, hot must trickle the sweat!” ________________________________________ 9.V.1941 After two flawless flights the duty period began today again with 1 instruction hour. Thus one instruction hour, like the second lieutenant’s, did not proceed without briskness. Officers and we in the commanders’ corps worked together. The proof of the knowledge that is important for combat and for gunnery service. Today, for greater spatial tension and thus the gun commander, my lads — who also are no longer very young — took part diligently. Officers and commanders showed themselves to the dear wives who stand near and watch the danger. They are after all the religion and the— (sentence breaks off at the end of the page) (At top, under the quoted title) “Fulfilling one’s duty!” In the smithy I finished the stirrup. I liked forging my first “workpiece.” For a small iron wedge it is not easy and is also very hard to forge. With full force I pounded away and was finally successful. A second stirrup followed soon after and found great approval. I can very much recommend the smithy work; all (!) tension disappears! Exertion, however, also sets in and soon exhaustion! ________________________________________ 10.V.1941 The sixth test was now our diving exercise! We were to complete 4 hours of underwater service! Already when climbing down into the pressure chamber I noticed a pressure on the eardrums, which brought me into “diving mood.” But thanks to the diving nose-clip one can endure even greater depths. The new diving suits are really of very good quality! We then began the going-under in submarine conditions. During this first chamber visit a few of us did not quite keep calm; 1–2 stepped out. After the “ascent” I was completely wet. The last hour we still practiced “fastening work.” These hours seemed terribly long to us. For the last hour we did not take our breathing apparatus off. But now we entered the graduation chamber. Under the guidance of Reling we entered the SL-I space — the cold water; the climbing was made considerably more difficult. Finally we made it into the model compartment and put on the breathing masks and protective hoods. We now had to complete the prescribed instruction. Later in the afternoon I went to town. First I bought myself a booklet for this film. The film was magnificent; to my satisfaction. The theater was so packed! Then I bought myself 2 bananas and went with them into a café. At 18:45 I went back to the cinema. After my half-hour walk the show was a delight. I really liked it very much. Although a few parts were somewhat exaggerated — the public was enthusiastic in every respect. I would be all the more pleased if I were able to cheer a small part of our people by making films. Full of zest I went back to the “Canteen.” There I had the opportunity to exchange a few friendly words. — I could not possibly have imagined that I would one day have my homeland so far behind me. But now my life is among men — the comrades! ________________________________________ 11.V.1941 After diving school in civilian clothes we went into the chamber once more. I had behaved well in the preceding days; that is why I received my “Diving Pay.” Now I put on the diving suit. As I did not want to lose courage, I climbed bravely inside. After the usual decompression we were to receive our certificate. This exercise took exactly one hour. Only after repeated attempts were we finally allowed to remove the CE-helmet and breathing device. All this was somewhat too much for me — I had to sit down. After a short rest I went back into the chamber. — Meanwhile the last decompression was carried out. We all received the diving teacher’s highest praise. We are now “recognized” and can be assigned to the men. We wanted to go back on board and waited again for a long time. For lunch there was a splendid noodle dish. Our cook and his assistant are true artists. My comrade and I then stayed on board and brought our clothes along and stowed them away. During the good, comradely cooperation on board I felt, for the first time in a long while, completely at ease. I let the whole ship’s atmosphere sink in. We immediately began with the preparations for tomorrow, and in our compartment we still had a few small tasks to finish. It was the completion of the preparations for the dive, “filling” and so on. All this work was finished with an “all hands” call around 18:00. Afterward I went to the cinema again and then slowly wandered back into the barracks. It was the last Sunday that I would spend for a long time! 12 May 1941 We cast off and glided out of the lock into the harbor basin. For a few hours we steamed outward and then, after a short while, met our escort boats. At first we ran between the trawlers, which maintained their spacing toward spring and tensioned their paravanes. I was very tense, for my long-awaited moment had now come: my first “feindfahrt”! Gradually the coast sank away. A last look back — “Farewell, Eric !” Ahead of us lay a long voyage into the unknown. We set the internal watertight doors and began the watch schedule. Taking over the watch made me very proud, since we were now truly “out on the high seas.” But the Diesel stench did not agree with me at all. I had to go below deck into the bow compartment for my “off-watch.” I was completely miserable, so that for a few hours I actually believed I would not endure it. As the hours passed, my condition got better. After my first sleep I was again reasonably fit. The constant Diesel stench, however, is not at all pleasant and does not allow for a feeling of wellbeing! You simply have to get used to it — one way or another. Later in the evening I wanted to go on watch in the conning tower. The watch officer would not yet allow me up! So again I lay in the bow in my bunk until my watch. But then I was tremendously nauseated! Hopefully my body will adjust itself!! I do want to serve!! ________________________________________ 13 May 1941 We continued outward and fell into our travel formation. Gradually we got used to the watch schedule. My condition improved from hour to hour. We had “decommissioning procedure” and were therefore allowed to go ashore. But unfortunately it looks as though we will not get leave. During the decommissioning, the commanding officer ran through individual, brief lectures and then the 2nd watch officer followed. Good! In the 2nd part, a few tasks were assigned to us, and the Pragmatic Manual and the U-boat Tactical Manual were distributed. My spirits sank — for it seems (probably) not to be such “good” news after all, because the Torpedo Officer “happily” announced that we must remain on standby. That is, we have to remain ready for departure!! I just had the impression that the operations division had again received small “warnings” from above!! And now we such “poor devils” must stand by from 0400 to 1600 hours in readiness for departure by W.O. [likely “Wachoffizier”]. And right away!! After the suspenders drill we were dismissed. Then I first wrote a long letter to parents. Earlier the officer of the watch came on board. From the departure times our transport kits were made ready, and I finally got my camera back. There is still an awful lot of work ahead. I want to be completely fit again!! It is also quite urgent! After the decommissioning inspection, the time is actually used for rest. We now also have cleaning and floor-scrubbing to do in the B-compartment and then a trip ashore. Today we received the news that the accident at the Torpedo School had cost one person his life!! 14 May 1941 During the watch we again had the most unpleasant weather imaginable. Everything is wet. Water is constantly entering through hatches and ventilators. At the noon position we sighted an old steamer that looked very much like one of the vessels from the “Instructions and Recognition Manual.” I immediately found it in the book. It was a very characteristic steamer. I am of the opinion that it belongs to a neutral country, according to the flag, but one cannot be completely sure. I would have very much liked to sink it! Unfortunately, I cannot yet fire torpedoes, as the firing gear is still undergoing adjustments. The boat rolls and pitches in the most horrible way. All provisions are moist and spoiled. Even the supposedly “safe” storage areas in the control room are soaked. Worst of all is the mold spreading everywhere. Throughout the entire ship the men are constantly fighting against the dampness. If we were not convinced that a new boat will soon be delivered, we would soon have to request a yard overhaul. The officers’ quarters look especially miserable. Even their mattresses are completely damp. The radio room reported that the English are beginning a new blockade attempt. There are again many patrols in the sea area around Iceland. We must therefore remain deeper and longer in the diving zone. The lads keep good spirits, though one can clearly see the strain on each man. Around 2100 hours I was finally able to get half an hour of fresh air on the bridge. The wind was icy, but the visibility was at least somewhat improved. I could clearly make out a faint, dark silhouette on the horizon. It must have been a fishing vessel, because soon after it vanished back into the haze! 15. V. 1941 In the area of submarine science things went very well for me today! In the torpedo-related subjects, too, things are improving. The instructors are capable and conscientious. God, am I grateful today that I have such luck, that I am still allowed to be here to learn something so important! A sense of responsibility is no stranger to me. In the afternoon we again practiced biological observation. Since two men from my team were absent today, I had quite a bit to do. As a result, my sketches were not quite as clean and neat as they otherwise might have been, but from what I could tell they were still accurate enough. After all, I must do everything to be ready for the coming tests. A failure now would be incomprehensible to me! Imagination is of course required from me as well, but I sense that in this regard I am not entirely unskilled. After the observation exercise I began to improve and strengthen my sense of balance. Most of the time things went quite well; only with sudden movements did the room tend to sway somewhat before my eyes. Still, the exercises today were fully satisfactory in terms of endurance. Later on the instructor showed us once more the key points. After the evening meal I felt somewhat tired, and the work of the cardiovascular system (during the long walk today) was noticeable to me—you can tell that one is still not entirely accustomed to these long marches. The slight weakness, however, did not prevent me from keeping up with the comrades. 16. V. 1941 The morning began with tests of diving-readiness for our drawings. In the first instructional hour the commander reviewed my small explanations and supplementary notations regarding the drawings and found them to be very good. In the second hour: depth-rudder service. Once again I easily followed the pre-established instructions and completed the tasks. Later the last concentration-exercises followed: our first “test,” which consisted of continuing a previously written-down “story” in a certain manner and then, during the evaluation, identifying and discussing the mistakes. According to the instructor, the results were satisfactory. During one exercise I made a small error. But it was still acceptable for the overall grade. And the “sense-perception exercises” now went much better for me. During the practice of identifying distances I honestly did better than I expected, and during the diving-orientation exercise the instructor said that my results were far above the average. I am very satisfied with that! In the afternoon I remained at my desk. ________________________________________ 17. V. 1941 The last concentration exercise was very interesting. It required a short continuation of a sequence of thoughts based on certain preliminary considerations (logical). According to the instructor, my performance in the preparation of the entire exercise was quite good. In the evaluation I also scored well. Otherwise the training day was rather uneventful. But afterward I felt somewhat tired paid attention during the inspection. After a brief break we again had organizational tasks; for this purpose the captain gathered us in the crew quarters and explained some things to us. That was very enjoyable! Later I quietly continued my work. At 11 p.m. I went to bed. My brother has once again entered my thoughts today. I feel a deep urge to write to him. So I will attempt to master my melancholy and complete my letter to him today. It must be done! As a distraction I read a little in the 2nd volume of the “Worldview and State” by K. Heim. From page 200 onward I found the chapter especially interesting and good. Afterward I continued my work and at about 11 p.m. went to bed. ________________________________________ 18. V. 1941 When my opinion was requested, I expressed it openly. It was a very noteworthy conversation. Nothing new—“all normal”! Actually, through the conversation with the commander on the way to the workshop, I once again realized how much I still have to learn. But failures do not belong in a young man’s life. I must remain focused, for my commander is exceptionally serious in all things and, moreover, wants the best for his young cadets. I truly respect him! Around 12:30 we had lunch. After lunch I went again to the workshop. Later I wrote the letter to my brother and copied the last pages. That was indeed a real effort for me. Around 11:30 p.m. I finally went to bed—my soul was at peace again to postpone. Once again, I had been assigned the watch from midnight until 12 p.m. The time passed incredibly quickly. Really—when one is constantly engaged in something, time flies! But now—after all the inspections—I had to take over another watch. How exhausting! During the morning inspection a small incident occurred. Our boatswain scolded a small cadet. The cadet had stood somewhere in the passageway and had been reprimanded for it. Three hours of stepping drills were then completed!! The stepping between the racks was also not particularly pleasant. Afterwards we had to scrub the corridors again. I spent the rest of my free time reading my books, and in doing so I improved myself. At 6 p.m. we again had evening muster. This day seemed to be exceptionally work-filled for my head. Other men were also fully employed in the engine room. It was very exhausting! Today I was finally able to finish my E-course. My commander expressed his satisfaction rather emphatically — something I shall not soon forget!! All commanders whom I have met so far struck me as full of honor and earnestness. Discipline is and remains the highest virtue of youth! 19. V. 1941. After a long time we once again had good marching exercises. With the dead weight (75 kg!) the load unfortunately cannot be reduced. Even the strongest are taken to the limit. The spirit is good, though. I am no longer afraid of collapsing. I am now completely adjusted to the induction service! And tomorrow the entrance exam is coming!! I am curious about the outcome, although I naturally feel well prepared — and I hope — to pass the “tough stuff.” I cannot imagine being rejected. The chief petty officer is simply a splendid fellow! Everyone now easily goes through entire routines in one go. I must confess: up to now I have done the physical exercises effortlessly; today, however, I still had a bit of trouble with the hurdles. After breakfast I was assigned to my course and grenade-throwing post. Last week I made Corinthian mistakes here. Today everything worked out splendidly! I reported to my department commander and was then sent to the range post. The work went very well — our commander was fully satisfied! God be thanked — once again a wonderful morning of training! In the afternoon I had to report for the rest of the E-course assignments. Finally, for the evening, I again received guard duty in the shelter. ________________________________________ 20. V. 1941. The lesson in chemical warfare provided a good insight into the properties of gas. Of prime importance are the characteristics of mustard gas and phosgene and their effects on humans. It is most essential that the gas-mask equipment be handled quickly. It is odd that this subject is actually not unfamiliar to me. We also had a good lesson in electrical engineering. This evening valuable expertise in electrical engineering service. In the second hour came the eagerly awaited drill instruction. I had to demonstrate all of the preparatory movements and the actual rifle exercises from the beginning. According to the chief's remarks, I evidently executed the movements strictly according to regulation. I showed great precision, which pleased the chief. He especially emphasized that the greatest accuracy is required in order to master the later, more difficult exercises. Even the smallest mistake must be avoided; the tension and fatigue of advanced drills leave no room for sloppiness. Even so — today’s work was good, and the chief concluded by once again declaring me fit for E-training. After lunch, I had to report to the indoor shooting range. There I had to fire 2 × 5 rounds with the small-caliber rifle at targets, as quickly as possible. My shoulder was somewhat sore, but otherwise I felt absolutely up to it. The shooting went very well; my grouping was tight, and the instructor was satisfied. The last hour brought a rather extensive theory lesson. The material is naturally quite broad. Military geography — the main theaters of war and their terrain characteristics — is being gone through thoroughly. But we also received a clear explanation of the industrial regions of Germany and the broader geopolitical situation in Europe and overseas. All in all: very valuable insights into the general situation. ________________________________________ 21 May 1941 The grenade-throwing exercises today went very well. I achieved a clean throw that landed directly on the marker. My superior was completely satisfied; he emphasized that calmness and correct estimation of distance are essential. In every respect, I am progressing well, and I am confident I can keep improving. The sport today did not take place in the gymnasium, but on the sports field. I was terribly exhausted! Even during the warm-up games, the sport-leader noticed that I had exerted myself far too much yesterday. So he excused me from the sprinting exercises. But then came a long-distance run of one hour! Because of insistent orders from the company commander, I had to at least try to make the full distance. After about twenty minutes my entire body trembled; I was completely “burned out.” But the sport-leader would not let me stop—he drove me on mercilessly. This torment caused me intense stomach and chest pain; several times I could hardly breathe. Still, I pushed on. Only with the greatest effort did I reach the finish line! But now I know one thing very clearly: such strain is not for me. In long-distance runs I am completely unsuited. My limit is reached after about three-quarter of an hour and a flat 400 meters run. ________________________________________ During the marching drill I received an 8-day punishment because I did not have my U.V.D. (Unteroffizier-Vorschriftendienst – NCO instruction book) with me. A small booklet indeed — and still I had forgotten it in my jacket! The punishment is justified. The company leader was visibly angry. This afternoon I must now report for special duty. One part of it is a report to the U.V.D. office. Then I must clean weapons and prepare the backlog of work in the workshop. Afterward, some additional training on the sports field. But at least they are letting me rest for now from the long-distance running. Deep-Steering Master’s Diploma (Tiefensteu¬er-Meisterdiplom) We, the gentlemen of the guild of trim-tamers and depth-tormentors, hereby make known that the highly-honorable Oberfähnrich (Ing.) Schewe today, before the undersigned, has held a submarine of medium size steadily under water and has thereby, without danger to the crew and the lunch menu of the training officer, guided it through moderate oscillations up and down, so that he is now found worthy to be admitted into the order of the peace-disturbing submarine-helmsmen. Given on June 8th 1943 The Depth-Steering Training Officers of the “Agru-Front” (Signature possibly Reihand Fitzjurow, Writing unclear) (Loose brown sheet pages translation) Do not let yourself be thrown off, and be as quick with your tongue as you are with your hands. Whoever, however, opposes the order given will soon suffer for it. Put yourself in parade stance until the sweat boils in your boots. Do not think that I am trying to frighten you—I have written this little piece because it really does happen with recruits who do not scrub thoroughly enough. Whether they shirk, flee, pout, or hide behind excuses, a recruit remains a “little man” and never a master of his craft. — Then again comes grumbling— that sort of thing is something you too will one day have to put up with. Console yourself, as a young man: if you have done something wrong, your comrades will mumble and mutter, grumbling behind you—indeed, they will. This constant chatter can ruin one’s mood, especially without a roof to muffle the noise. Yes, it hurts a bit, but then you pull yourself together. You know very well, as a young man, that your training time will pass. Soon enough you will march as smartly as a corporal, and when your superior tells you “well done,” then you are on your way to becoming a real man. — Set your pride on fulfilling your duty in everything. Back when things were quiet in the Navy, it was the same— until, as an old codger, you finally leave active service. All the new sayings will still follow for training purposes. Höer 10 December 1940 Subject The topic of the resource The journal of someone who served on a German U-Boat. The journal describes his time in training and the photos seem to show him during active duty. Most of the entries are during 1941, and the final date written near the logo for U-929 being in 1945 just 5 days before VE Day. The passenger/cargo motor vessel CARIBIA (12,049 GRT / 5480 tdw) was laid down in 1931, and launched on 1 March 1932 by the Blohm & Voss shipyard, Hamburg-Steinwärder, yard number 493. Completed on 5 Febr 1933 for the Hamburg-America Line (HAPAG) for their West Indies-Central America service. As a twin-screw vessel, Caribia was powered by two 8-cyl. MAN diesel engines with a total power of 11,500 HP, giving a service speed of 15 kn, maximum speed 17 kn. She could accommodate 447 passengers in three classes and had a crew of 198. Caribia begun her maiden voyage from Hamburg in March 1933, remaining on the West Indies route until 1939 before the outbreak of World War II. After 1 Sept 1939 the ship was first laid up and in 1940 requisitioned by the German Navy (Kriegsmarine) for the use as an accommodation ship in Flensburg-Mürwik, close to the Naval Academy. Caribia was painted overall gray and was armed with some AA-guns, remained in her role as a floating barrack throughout the whole war without any notable incident. German submarine U-929 was a Type VIIC/41 U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. She was ordered on 2 April 1942, and was laid down on 20 March 1943, at Neptun Werft AG, Rostock, as yard number 516. She was commissioned under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Werner Schulz on 6 September 1944. German Type VIIC/41 submarines were preceded by the heavier Type VIIC submarines. U-929 had a displacement of 769 tonnes (757 long tons) when at the surface and 871 tonnes (857 long tons) while submerged. She had a total length of 67.10 m (220 ft 2 in), a pressure hull length of 50.50 m (165 ft 8 in), an overall beam of 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draught of 4.74 m (15 ft 7 in). The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of 2,800 to 3,200 metric horsepower (2,060 to 2,350 kW; 2,760 to 3,160 shp) for use while surfaced, two BBC GG UB 720/8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 750 metric horsepower (550 kW; 740 shp) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.23 m (4 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres (750 ft). The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate for 80 nautical miles (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 8,500 nautical miles (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). U-929 was fitted with five 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one 8.8 cm (3.46 in) SK C/35 naval gun, (220 rounds), one 3.7 cm (1.5 in) Flak M42 and two 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and fifty-two. U-929 was scuttled north of Warnemünde on 1 May 1945, before she could participate in any war patrols. Cordillera was a German passenger motor vessel, built during the severe economic regression in the early 1930's. Cordillera (12,055 grt/6902 nrt) was launched on March 4th, 1933 by Blohm & Voss, Hamburg-Steinwerder and commissioned on Aug. 8th, 1933, followed by her maiden voyage to the Canary Islands. Her diesel motors had an output of 11,500 H.P., allowing for a service speed of 17 kn. Between 1933 and 1939 Cordillera served on her usual route from Hamburg to the West Indies and central America. In Sept. 1939, already after WW 2 broke out, Cordillera broke though the British lines and arrived at Murmanks, Kola peninsula where several German ships sought shelter before returning to Germany. Cordillera arrived back at Hamburg on Febr. 8th, 1940. At Hamburg the liner first was used as a barracks ship and later at Swinoujscie (Swinemünde) as an accommodation ship for the Flak School 1. On March 12th, 1945, still at Swinemünde, Cordillera was hit by bombs and capsized in shallow waters. The wreck was raised later and taken over by the Soviet Union as a war reparation. She was towed for Warnemünde on June 7th, 1949 and then to Antwerp on Oct. 6th for repairs. Commissioned as the Soviet ship Russ in 1951, homeport Wladiwostok, the vessel served served on its new regular line between its homeport and Kamchatka until 1977. Finally, she was decommissioned on Dec. 30th, 1977 and arrived at Incheon, South Korea, on Febr. 10th, 1979 for breaking up. She originally laid at position 54°15′N 12°04′E, before being raised in 1956, and broken up. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 7, 1941 - May 3, 1945 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Purchased from Don Kochi and part of the Tom Long collection. Translation provided by ChatGPT. Information on the Caribia and Cordillera taken from ShipsNostalgia.com. Information on U-929 taken from Wikipedia. https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/924d6399da55e62ea56376473e1fce62.jpg 631f6c371bf597022b89179e2ad84d8b https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/affc3cf9e0f41438377e4d4dd04455a2.jpg 90d79ac15c470d8df6d7df2db978c3d7 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/82ce666e0f3c6926914c90db10b8ce9c.jpg 75ac93e0834e7fff4a594e5eaa40e396 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/62c7b9ddad84ff8d50dc91694659c1c3.jpg c98c016c3ae3aede9e52268f6f4cd589 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/57c45300a175868e63eaa3e8dd94a949.jpg 60a2f5ae3485f40f3a91c83acbb98cfc https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/c4f749500a59e26aaba3b7cf3da31930.jpg c5aedcf48e96c58986685f843e719bb4 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/2d3f2f4a532fde39fd2f6aacd05ed745.jpg b15a9c61c361d4149834862cfeade023 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/63d1f2f680142df4d7baa87b58a71f1e.jpg dfd3e564cb9fdf51e3de671cec48beff https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/1cd033bee80639d0bd983332c0b79a6f.jpg e8add83886a1d4bb34ca027088cc8040 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/5bb181a1ffca758f6f8b19d509971fa7.jpg 1c6b9380206e67ee4743fd906f2f6128 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/be28c4d440fd150448899d87792611ea.jpg 22682ee82103e88889c14c27279ace11 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource British and Commonwealth WWII Pamphlets Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 15 Poems Russian Red Cross Subject The topic of the resource A collection of poems sold for 1 shilling by the Socialist Party in Belfast, Northern Ireland in support of the Russian Red Cross. Includes Poems by W.R. Rodgers, Rayner Heppenstall, John Hewitt, William Adair, Maurice James Craig, James Mackinlay, R.P. Maybin, Colin Middleton, and Paul Potts Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Acquired from Needful Things Antique store Dublin, Ireland Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1942 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/c98e175884cb9013e4f1e833d5a08106.jpg ce91cc7606477c444e6d626ab48c5082 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/61d4f9287a493257677eaf16527098d3.jpg 9af71d18d2e032ab0bafa38b26f7489a https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/b68647a5f8930ff8896a306ac3aeef02.jpg 3d7cc56fcff946176dcd56263fb86863 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/4169ae092cc3c9a36ea216ebd2d2429c.jpg c050c9d8b5ac253f418146ca838101a5 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/73f6cc0cf66f904d68c63f1a0e973b19.jpg e052f20450d71b2b64aaeaa8a15c4efd https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/f04517dccf054a5b34c94aaf33c7abae.jpg b2c55fbdc3ca3922366d07eb04b74e8c https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/b7a862ab41e81de519d01a0eb97cca8e.jpg b81629b5d796af414e3de984749c0117 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/04d2f775fc6b734d6396c71578b7382c.jpg 664cebb69eb6ef44895ae6c655f99b1d https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/51e0f624ebe0044a10f7506f637e527b.jpg 649a48f9181fdf11f69c320673d6da34 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/9d507dc74c8f7348680bf4ad11dfd2f8.jpg ab2b687bbc08b0d8a5186f6800abaf5c https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/35b2bcea71c0808b1a4618f44e171e0f.jpg c57078eabc0d9f0377a38fd1a3c9df80 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/f8dadbb0f8879aab47cebeb55f25cfbf.jpg e61cec6c9d4ac6a7ddb05ec3ae090f40 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/32496db7a1af9ff2bbb48445e3e19328.jpg d2e9c8a4a5810340c2969756f01efcf0 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/34ed2354af90d4eb2dd786d411a0369f.jpg ce782759e3d46317ec91ec4657335f98 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/139403ce4a126404f17efd2bfb34ba27.jpg 966cc522621e22d4024748058081fbd9 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/b8051fe914cb3eb12a5405f8b1f86751.jpg 7f9125b66c6c4d3e014e09d973228a27 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/371844713a78d3d616fb306c4a7ec0ee.jpg 7b6206f7dc84aa52d68ad75a0c3197f5 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/c2d4fc570a09ef794531e8fbb30f15ad.jpg 65de61b85d64c308aa3c176db2c2423e https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/2e4dd54222f052ec1f090e49a297b6ea.jpg 8549b206d775b43b6fa6440c459dda78 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/8aa683f16c69fc284a38208771ab6054.jpg c2a1f982aa3394c6ad9b285c64137988 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/134e5a519413a79b60db4e0999d188ca.jpg 681d2857dd4e3324f088e7f22d262d5e https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/28a49530e104be37951a36714a0b3f88.jpg 7983abfbc2fdb1bc4d1299c677dd9b05 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource British and Commonwealth WWII ID Documents Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Soldier's Service and Pay Book Army Book 64 for Sergeant Ronald Henry Ashby Subject The topic of the resource Sergeant Ronald Henry was born September 19th 1916. His home address was in Maidstone. He began the war in the 45th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery and then was converted to an infantry role in the Queen's Own Royal West Kents sometime in early 1945 due to manpower shortages. The inside front cover of the book shows the remnants of a leave pass for Cairo. There are also two leave passes tucked inside for Venice and Naples after he had been reassigned to the Queen's Own Royal West Kents. There is also a movement control infectious disease card stamped RAF Glatton upon his return to the UK. Description An account of the resource 45th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery (45th LAA Rgt), was a British Territorial Army (TA) unit formed in July 1940. After serving in Anti-Aircraft Command during the Battle of Britain and The Blitz, it went to North Africa as part of Operation Torch and fought in Tunisia and Italy. It ended World War II as a garrison regiment. The regiment was formed on 10 July 1940 as part of the rapid expansion of Britain's Anti-Aircraft (AA) defences during the Battle of Britain. It was originally constituted with 500 to 507 LAA Troops, which had been formed on 1 July. It was then joined by 102 and 135 LAA Batteries, which had been formed on mobilisation of the TA (23–25 August 1939) and by 142 LAA Bty transferred from 22nd LAA Rgt, a TA unit based in Birmingham. It formed part of 1st AA Bde, which had been reformed after the Dunkirk evacuation and had been assigned by Anti-Aircraft Command to defend the industrial town of Crewe in the West Midlands under 4th AA Division. Light AA guns were usually deployed to defend Vulnerable Points (VPs) such as factories , rail junctions, airfields etc, but AA Command was suffering a severe shortage of suitable LAA guns: with too few of the preferred Bofors 40 mm guns available, the newly-formed regiments were largely equipped with Light machine guns (AALMGs) until 1942. As AA Command expanded, 4th AA Division was split, and 1st AA Bde at Crewe was assigned to a new 11th AA Division. The West Midlands was badly hit during the Blitz of November 1940 to May 1941. By the end of the Blitz 45th LAA Rgt with its three batteries had transferred to the command of a new 68th AA Bde in 11th AA Division. The regiment sent a cadre of experienced officers and men to 224th LAA Training Rgt at Aberystwyth where they provided the basis for a new 265 LAA Bty formed on 12 June 1941. When this battery was regimented with 45th LAA Rgt on 4 September 102 LAA Bty transferred to a new 82nd LAA Rgt forming in Norfolk. Later that month, while the regiment was at Meriden, it was also joined by 306 LAA Bty, which had been formed from the fourth Troops of 70, 72 and 141 LAA Btys of 22nd LAA Rgt. Then on 20 November the fourth Troops of 135, 142 and 265 LAA Btys were detached from 45th LAA Rgt to form a new 326 LAA Bty at Shifnal, which was regimented with 76th LAA Rgt. By December 306 LAA Bty had also left to help form a new 98th LAA Rgt at Albrighton, which replaced 45th LAA Rgt in 68 AA Bde. After 45th LAA Rgt left 68 AA Bde it transferred to 66 AA Bde in 2nd AA Division. This division was responsible for the defence of the East Midlands. During the spring, 142 LAA Bty was attached to 41 (London) AA Bde and 265 LAA Bty to 10th AA Division. At this stage of the war, experienced AA units were being trained for service overseas. By April 1942 45th LAA Rgt had come under War Office Control while remaining deployed with AA Command. 66 AA Brigade HQ left AA Command in August 1942 to join First Army preparing for the invasion of North Africa (Operation Torch), and 45th LAA Rgt came under 32 (Midland) AA Bde, though it was also part of the War Office Reserve. In the autumn of 1942 45th LAA Rgt also left AA Command and came fully under War Office control, with the following organisation for mobile operations: 135, 142, 265 LAA Btys 45 LAA Rgt Signal Section, Royal Corps of Signals 45 LAA Workshop, Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers 45 LAA Rgt Platoon, Royal Army Service Corps In 1942, equipped with Bofors guns, 45th LAA Rgt was attached to Allied Force Headquarters for Operation Torch, the invasion of North Africa. The troop convoys assembled in the River Clyde in October 1942 and sailed to North Africa, where the British troops began landing at Algiers on 8 November. The force then moved eastwards to seize the port of Bougies and Djidjelli airfield, 45th LAA Rgt following them by sea. It had been intended to land two LAA troops on the beaches near Djidjelli, but sea conditions prevented this and the whole regiment disembarked at Bougies. Axis air command reacted quickly to the Allied invasion. As the AA troops moved into their positions they were dive-bombed in the open, particularly at Djidjelli. Here a battery of 45th LAA Rgt and a troop from 58th HAA Rgt rapidly organised barrages in close defence, so effectively that three enemy aircraft were destroyed and the gun positions survived. There was a repeated attack, by Ju 87s and Ju 88s flying at 5000–6000 feet, on 22 November, which lasted two hours. In January 1943, as the Tunisian Campaign developed, 45th LAA Rgt was assigned to British First Army. While V Corps advanced towards Tunis through rough country and steep-sided valleys. 45th LAA Regiment accompanied it to provide AA cover. A large number of small actions were fought by isolated AA troops against fast, low-flying attacks. In these 'snap' engagements the No 3 LAA Predictor was useless and deflection fire had to be judged using the visual Correctional Sight, known as the 'Stiffkey Stick'. Off-road deployment was so limited by soft ground that the regiment issued an order that no Bofors gun should be positioned further from hard going by more than the length of its tractor's tow rope. By Mid-March 1943, 45th LAA Rgt was assigned to provide LAA cover for French XIX Corps, which had joined the Allied force. In the final phase of the campaign (Operation Vulcan), 45th LAA Rgt formed part of 52nd AA Bde, which held a number of AA units on their wheels and ready to move into the objectives of Tunis and Bizerta immediately behind the leading battle groups. They deployed in Tunis on 7 May before the last German combat groups had been cleared out. 45th LAA Regiment was not involved in the Allied invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky), but entered the Italian Campaign as part of the British Eighth Army, commanded by Lieutenant General Sir Oliver Leese, in early 1944 when it rejoined 66th AA Bde. The brigade had been defending the Salerno landing area and airfields supporting the American Fifth Army, under Lieutenant General Mark Clark. After the breakout from the Anzio beachhead, in May 1944, it took over defense of that area, and it followed up as Fifth Army advanced to Rome and beyond. By late 1944, the German Luftwaffe was suffering from such shortages of pilots, aircraft and fuel that serious aerial attacks could be discounted. At the same time the British forces in Italy were suffering an acute manpower shortage. In June 1944 the Chiefs of Staff had decided that the number of AA regiments in Italy must be reduced and their fit personnel converted to other roles, particularly infantry. 45th LAA Regiment was one of those selected for conversion, becoming 45 Garrison Regiment RA on 4 November. On 13 February 1945, retrained as infantry, the regiment was retitled 603 Infantry Regiment RA, serving under Eighth Army in Italy for line of communication and occupation duties, which it continued after the war until it was disbanded on 1 December 1945. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Acquired from the London Medal Company in London, UK. Unit info provided by Wikipedia. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 15, 1939 - September 3, 1945 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/dab310f1c7d7489e0890a35584ddef7e.jpg f6d8ec7c2167b7248781e285e144277d https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/11651586eebed8f416d2d08e82c69dd8.jpg 2f7cdb7726360def9c8015cd302dd926 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Axis Propaganda Leaflets Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource German Propaganda Leaflet to Soviet soldiers on the Courland Front Subject The topic of the resource This leaflet contains an appeal from Vlasov's Russian Liberation Army (POA) that was collaborating with the Wehrmacht to Soviet troops fighting in the Courland area. It was printed by Wehrmacht Army Group North (HGr. Nord). DL 016 Description An account of the resource To all personnel of units and formations of the Red Army of the Courland Front ANNOUNCEMENT I have the honor to inform you that I, Captain of the Russian Liberation Army, former captain of the Red Army — Vasilyev Mikhail Fyodorovich, have been appointed by the Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia (KONR) as its Authorized Representative on the Courland Front. The tasks of my activity include: Popularization of the great ideas of the Liberation Movement of the Peoples of Russia among the broad masses of personnel of units and formations of the Red Army of the Courland Front. Carrying out measures for the incorporation of units and formations of the Red Army of the Courland Front into the Armed Forces of the Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia, whose Commander-in-Chief is Lieutenant General A. A. Vlasov. Providing assistance to Red Army prisoners of war and refugees. I am confident that in the measures I am carrying out I will meet full support from your side. Authorized Representative of the Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia on the Courland Front Captain VASILYEV (Other Side) To pilots, tank crews, artillerymen, and mortar crews of units of the Red Army of the Baltic Front ANNOUNCEMENT From reports coming across the front from my friends—former fellow servicemen of the Red Army—it has become known to me, the Authorized Representative of the Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia (KONR) on the Courland Front, Captain Vasilyev M. F., that many of you would like to join Lieutenant General VLASOV, who is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the KONR, and place aircraft, tanks, and other equipment at his disposal. I CLARIFY: That Red Army servicemen, for the accomplishment of such a holy feat, which contributes to the overthrow of Stalin’s despotism and thereby to the deliverance of the peoples of Russia from the bloody nightmare of war, will be given the full opportunity to fight honorably under the banner of the glorious commander A. A. VLASOV for a New Russia without tyrants, Bolshevism, or exploiters, and will also be rewarded with special distinctions. Act boldly! The Motherland will repay you a hundredfold! Authorized Representative of the Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia on the Courland Front Captain VASILYEV [Boxed notice] The bearer of this notice, having voluntarily crossed over to our side, is to be immediately sent to the Authorized Representative of the Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia on the Courland Front, Captain VASILYEV. (German text below repeats the same instruction.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Acquired from Ostland Militaria in Vilnius, Lithuania. Translation provided by Chat GPT Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Most likely Late 1944 - Early 1945 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/b20eec77f5f67925e3dd25b227a2f401.jpg fda8087f349109912ac22db940db6f4d https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/9dbf18ff7dbe438461b7821d63c372f7.jpg 76e11de8cd6920f6b8c4915f0758a203 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/454c14ee9a4ce711ab718b61f0af00db.jpg 4f7c8bfa1a1ecfc59d6b63e17b5b78ff https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/39468d9243dd837e0b3af787152c13b8.jpg bbcd458a05c815272cd0c03e1cdd85a6 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/c973af3aa1d0453685fb7932e86419b5.jpg c1ea73f0adcae630c24f77d5ffe21ee2 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/283aa54f2a4b71e0e6e567221dc8d672.jpg 3ccffa2bafbecb371e58353d50714276 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/fd478e9f1b6a5fa8548b9d5b0d360724.jpg 4a413801bf62727f0a3f7af55f6a8f10 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/57271ead8818be19656fdb7ab644aa6a.jpg cc2af0bbba9050f53682a41de5217cda https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/c65af35a9d354debd1ae149b9776d3e1.jpg d01b26d38271cd6c4143819cd9d89a6d https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/748abd40f2bb8b84961584528374e830.jpg 05ad1bfb1520cdcee88f8c8fd3610408 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/2a5d7b368e3877bd81b04e3b333f6e85.jpg d6efae6e893f0a0843e71718ea0ea8b3 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/8103e95eb39855da011b79707658cfba.jpg fc56e3e0fdebeadb265fd59dd973c3dc https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/ee6dccce9057a9e6f690abbf60a7774b.jpg 1078886d82981cddd21fa043eebe5d67 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/92b24cb7e7fe27540cd03050b330d5a8.jpg 8c72e8ae8609456b753aa8cc1406dcb5 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/5cc3a067d14acbb310614a0e39e3c882.jpg f64e370b553ae135eb25a39e341b007d https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/64dad84c00ec4cd4904d325fa16ce894.jpg 3fd689d28f4968cddc6240940b393135 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/c52bcc61eb89eec9b9e46374879fd872.jpg 3fa9d315ca29ecbf07f37ea8cc6d8bde https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/6896f45c10be0e82e1cfa3ad1761cb66.jpg 6aed2fc2648116e545760989eebc5a95 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/d1b1c2ff3007dcc1817aefea2787cdfd.jpg 9816199654ff8ff9fd3520853ee8c01d https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/2fc8d7a3ac45d3fc1e2cf43169ebed25.jpg 8b668fe57a483c96a0a767edc826bad2 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/11e66c7de5650099b3fc7446cb544fe6.jpg 5c3e94204274f41186bc2a7aea26a00a https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/5ff8cf68ad07fb0c6bc859e35c8731d8.jpg b9c01089684dd67de7a4b5baf2f23d0b https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/3e3245efd2aaaa5d1bdeeee82d7f3b61.jpg afe20c70ac47e401f06ea2b1fb63e0b9 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/9d52c382e89e397b06b9f80261235369.jpg 5b797c3ca4f0ed418d4e8d8e1c0fb196 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/556292c201eb0e60efa4893bb65513e7.jpg adbc3671aed2b4db4c9c0011fb12e19f https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/d7a792309251b88148c2c1e824c89c28.jpg 39d0a7ac22f49857795cfb5b27bd8abd https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/ec83cbd14088d9eb7eb8abd33e916bcc.jpg 21660b792923d1cf43df93f165568159 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/5034bd30b8efddb783d5fe99e3ec1e14.jpg 4df52b11c5741c5a0833e38e58491159 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/00b1171c62f700f378b8e2156c9c8580.jpg 94643b7536ae025d49960b23116b5195 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource British and Commonwealth WWII Pamphlets Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The "Two Types" by Jon Subject The topic of the resource 'Jon' was the pseudonym of William John Philpin Jones who was born in Llandrindod Wells, Wales, on 17 August 1913, the son of bookmaker John Jones. His cartoon - now known in Britain as well as in the theatre of war - first appeared in "Eighth Army News" on August 1944; it spread to "Crusader" on Oct 15 and then to all the editions of "Union Jack" on Nov 7. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Purchased from The Barnardo Square book market in Dublin, Ireland Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Likely 1945 towards the end of the war https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/378bd1119d24033ba5dfbeb2273a8ecc.jpg 37bdd8582601f8008eb44cb40677ff72 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/00b2d2ca8a86d492221e51f14c9fc159.jpg e00276a81e6215865e9d6a2144871dde https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/f0b19a043f30105b0a5b42dc55909b76.jpg 87ff615234dad6efface40c79a5d674f https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/ffb9dfb8586d65e6b9fc0fc842ba85da.jpg 9f082fcf068d3db2990c7a628ae96bfc https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/06867b8634845fc6db77f68a2e5cf6c7.jpg 7f2cdf12afff2078414c74fdad385cf5 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/9388ea82f8cfa6a02d9144c411eecbfc.jpg e96fc5dc3109c06acf61992bc7f5808a https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/de4243abd417f17735d67a88d77e2af4.jpg 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource British and Commonwealth WWII Training Manuals Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Rafting and Bridging Military Training Pamplet No.74 Part III Assault Crossing Equipment Subject The topic of the resource Prepared by the War Office ahead of both the D-Day landings and operation Market Garden. A fascinating look at military river crossing technology during the final stages of war. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Acquired from Le Poilu in Paris, France Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 1944 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/7e28ce2331461aee3cb5e52a98f154df.jpg 3d14045912551fb9e98ce1a63eb295e2 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/d675875d2033812fc0c2ae8b43cdca65.jpg c36e18b028a935d3f38df5241d17351c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Allied Propaganda Leaflets Subject The topic of the resource Allied propaganda leaflets made for Axis soldiers. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource US/British Safe Conduct Pass Leaflet for German Soldiers in Europe Subject The topic of the resource A common allied safe conduct pass dropped on German soldiers post D-Day. Description An account of the resource (Translation of the back side of the sheet) Principles of the Law of War Captives (According to the Hague Convention 1907, Geneva Convention 1929) From the moment of surrender, German soldiers are regarded as prisoners of war and fall under the protection of the Geneva Convention. Accordingly, their rights as soldiers will be fully respected. Prisoners of war are to be brought to collection points as soon as possible, far enough away from the danger zone to ensure their personal safety. They will receive the same food, in quality and quantity, as members of the Allied armed forces, and if sick or wounded, they will be treated in the same hospitals as Allied troops. Badges and valuables are to remain with the prisoners of war. Money may only be taken by officers at the collection points, and for this, a receipt will be issued. In the prisoner-of-war camps, sleeping quarters, allocation of accommodation, bedding, and other facilities are to be equivalent to those of the Allied garrison troops. According to the Geneva Convention, prisoners of war may neither be subjected to reprisals nor exposed to public curiosity. After the end of the war, they will be sent home as soon as possible. Soldiers are defined, under the Hague Convention (IV, 1907), as all armed persons wearing a uniform or a clearly recognizable insignia. Rules for Capture: To avoid misunderstandings during capture, the following is required: Lay down weapons, remove helmet and belt; raise hands and wave a handkerchief or this leaflet. US/QB-ZG61-1944 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Acquired from Antiekcentrum Amsterdam in Amsterdam, Netherlands. Translation provided by ChatGPT. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource German WWII ID Documents Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wehrpaß of Wolfgang Ernst Hermann Zinke