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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Japanese WWII Letters
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Postcard by Steamer Mail
Subject
The topic of the resource
This is a formal business communication likely tied to shipping or travel between Japan and Japanese Colonial Korea (noted in the printed schedule). The sender, likely someone named 信宣 (Nobunori), is replying to Mr. Tanabe confirming receipt of instructions, acknowledging understanding, and indicating that further communication will be given in person when the ship departs and arrives.
The tone is very respectful, using older formal Japanese, common in Meiji-Taisho period business or official correspondence.
Written in September 1940 it is unclear how exactly these two men were involved in Japan's colonial occupation in Korea. This could be military or related to a commercial business enterprise.
Over five million Koreans were conscripted for labour beginning in 1939, and tens of thousands of men were forced into Japan's military. Nearly 400,000 Korean labourers died. Approximately 200,000 girls and women, mostly from China and Korea, were forced into sexual slavery for the Japanese military. Traditional Korean culture suffered heavy losses, as numerous Korean cultural artefacts were destroyed or taken to Japan. To this day, valuable Korean artefacts can often be found in Japanese museums or among private collections. One investigation by the South Korean government identified 75,311 cultural assets that were taken from Korea, 34,369 in Japan and 17,803 in the United States. However, experts estimate that over 100,000 artefacts actually remain in Japan.
There is also the possibility that one or both of the correspondents is actually Korean since during the Japanese annexation, the Korean language was suppressed in an effort to eradicate Korean national identity. Koreans were forced to take Japanese surnames, known as Sōshi-kaimei.
However, it is also possible that one or both of the correspondents are Japanese colonial settlers. There was significant emigration to the overseas territories of the Empire of Japan during the Japanese occupation period, including Korea. By the end of World War II, there were over 850,000 Japanese settlers in Korea. After World War II, most of these overseas Japanese repatriated to Japan. Migrants who remained squatted in informal settlements.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
September 4, 1940
Description
An account of the resource
Front of Postcard:
Image Description (Bottom text under the ship):
Japanese (vertical, right to left):
關釜連絡汽船
関釜連絡汽船
(Kankō Renraku Kisen)
→ Kanpu Ferry Line
船名: 景福丸・九州丸・廣徳丸・八幡丸
→ Ship names: Keifuku-maru, Kyūshū-maru, Kōtoku-maru, Yahata-maru
速度: 20ノット (knots)
→ Speed: 20 knots
所要時間: 約六時間二十分
→ Required time: Approximately 6 hours and 20 minutes
Handwritten & Stamped Text (Right-hand side):
関釜 (Kampu) – Shimonoseki–Busan route
鈴木 (Suzuki)
黒田 (Kuroda)
桑野 (Kuwano)
桑井 (Kuwai)
吉田 (Yoshida)
豊田 (Toyoda)
天保 (Tenpō)
The stamps are Japanese "Chop Marks" from officials likely involved in processing, delivering, or screening the letter.
Back of Postcard:
きかは便郵 (Kikaha binyuu): "Postcard by steamer mail" (likely referring to a shipboard or naval mail service).
Recipient (Right side, written vertically):
This is the recipient's address and name, written in traditional Japanese order (right to left, top to bottom):
三重縣 津市 (Mie-ken Tsu-shi) – Tsu City, Mie Prefecture
西橋詰通 (Nishihashizume-dōri) – Nishihashizume Street
津協同会社 (Tsu Kyōdō Kaisha) – Tsu Cooperative Company
田辺康兵様 (Tanabe Kōhei-sama) – Mr. Tanabe Kōhei
This tells us that the postcard was intended for a man named Kōhei Tanabe, working or residing at the Tsu Cooperative Company in Mie Prefecture.
Bottom Chart:
This table details shipping schedules between Kanmon (Shimonoseki) and Pusan (Busan):
Departure from Shimonoseki Arrival at Pusan
10:30 AM and 11:00 PM 6:30 PM and 8:10 AM next day
Departure from Pusan Arrival at Shimonoseki
10:40 AM and 9:30 PM 6:30 PM and 7:00 AM next day
拝復
貴信之通り
了解致候
尤も當方出發之節
汽船着之節に於て
口頭申上候
先便申上度候
甚而不一筆申上候
下関信宣
Respectful reply,
In accordance with your esteemed message,
I fully understand.
At the time of our departure,
and upon the ship’s arrival,
I will report to you verbally.
I wished to inform you sooner,
but was unable to write until now.
With regards from Shimonoseki,
— Nobunori (信宣)
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Purchased from Don Kochi and part of the Tom Long collection. Translation provided by Yuske Tamura and ChatGPT. Additional information taken from Wikipedia.
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
British and Commonwealth WWII Photo Albums
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Pretoria Armour Regiment Photo Album of Cpl. Julius Fisher
Description
An account of the resource
The Pretoria Regiment was formed on 1 July 1913 as the 12th Infantry Battalion (The Pretoria Regiment) – a unit of the Active Citizen Force – by the amalgamation of several units: the Pretoria Company of the Transvaal Scottish, the Central South African Railway Volunteers, the Northern Mounted Rifles and the Pretoria detachment of the Transvaal Cycle and Motor Corps. The Regiment began as an Infantry Bn and served the UDF in this capacity for 30 years from 1913 to 1943.In 1943, the PR converted to Armour at the RAC depots in Egypt - for the Italian Campaign, as part of the 6 SA Armoured Division - and has served the UDF, the SADF and the SANDF in both these capacities since then.
The Regiment founded in 1913 as The XIIth Infantry Battalion ( The Pretoria Regiment) in 1929 it was remanded 'The Pretoria Regiment (Princess Alice's Own) in 1936 the 1st Battalion Pretoria Regiment (Princess Alice's Own) as well as the 2nd Battalion Pretoria Regiment (Princess Alice's Own) in 1941 The Amalgamated Pretoria Regiment ( Princess Alice's Own) in 1946 1 Pretoria Regiment (Princess Alice's own) as well as the 2 Pretoria Regiment (Princess Alice's Own) in 1945 The Amalgamated Pretoria Regiment in 2019 the Regiment was renamed to The Pretoria Armour Regiment.
When War came the UDF was poorly prepared, having only begun re-armament in 1936 as a war with Germany seemed possible. On Parliament’s declaration of war after Germany’s invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 the permanent Force was only 3353 and the ACF was 14631 Active Citizen Force soldiers, sailors and airmen.
Besides the trained manpower shortage, the UDF’s usual supplier of armaments, Britain, was unable to satisfy her own needs let alone the countries of the Commonwealth. South Africa had to look after herself. Fortunately under the leadership of Dr Hendrik van der Bijl, the famous South African electrical engineer and industrialist, within two years the country had develop her own war industries, making artillery, armoured cars, lorries, tires and all kinds of ammunition and optical gun-sights.
In 1940 fascist Italy entered the War on German side when Holland, Belgium and France surrendered and British and some French forces were evacuated to England in June 1940. Italy attacked Sudan and Kenya and in August 1940 advanced into British Somaliland from the Italian East Africa colonies of Ethiopia, Italian Somaliland and Eritrea – which was seen as the root of potential threats to South Africa. From 1940 the 1st SA Infantry Division fought in Somalia, took part in liberating Abyssinia (Ethiopia) and then in Lybia, together with the 2nd SA Infantry Division captured Bardia and the German Division Bardia of Panzer Gruppe Africa in January 1942. The 1st SA Infantry Division suffered heavy losses at Sidi Rezegh in operation Crusader 1941, but fought successfully at El Alamain in October 1942. However, the 2nd SA Infantry Division surrendered to Gen Erwin Rommel at Tobruk in June 1942, losing two brigades and a number of attached British and Indian soldiers, although some units escaped.
At first the PR’s war was dull. The 1st Battalion’s 364 volunteers were mobilized only on 23 July 1940, the day after the 2nd Battalion. The PR’s departure from Pretoria station was marked by tearful farewells. Families believed the soldiers would be sent into action immediately. However, many of the men were at home that night as their train had taken them only to Premier Mine. They were retrained and as a unit of the 3rd SA Infantry Division (witch never left the country) they began a period of garrison duties, guarding the eastern border since in Pretoria there was a belief that enemy troops might invade through Mozambique. Then they guarded interned German citizens and performed all duties that often make war monotonous. By October, 1940, the 2nd BN was still much under strength and was amalgamated with 1st PR which then was designated simply the Pretoria Regiment (Princess Alice’s Own).
Following the surprise attack by the Japanese on the US Navy at Pearl Harbour, Hawaii, on 7 December 1941, Japanese forces moved into the Indian Ocean early in 1942. To prevent a Japanese landing in Madagascar and perhaps on South Africa’s coast, British forces occupied the island. As a Battalion of the 7th SA Infantry Brigade, the Pretoria Regiment accompanied the British force. The Regiment took part in amphibious landings and some small engagements with the Vichy French garrison of Madagascar. Given the task of organizing the rear-guard if the Japanese landed. The CO, Lt Col CL Engelbrecht, DSO, realistically saw no chance of a rear-guard action. Instead he planned to turn the PR into a guerilla force to fight during a Japanese occupation. The Japanese did not invade and the Pretoria Regiment went home to prepare for its real war.
Converting from Infantry to Tanks the Pretoria Regiment was attached to the new 6th Armoured division and sent to Egypt for full-scale armour training including a divisional to armour exercise in the desert at Khatatba. They then sailed to Italy and were introduced to armour warfare north of Rome, at Bagnoregio, where the first Military Cross was earned by Lt Fred Davey. Eventually, 1200 strong, the PR consisted of five squadrons. One squadron was the reconnaissance-Assault Squadron. As the Reconnaissance Regiment of the 6th Armoured Division early in 1945 the PR needed Infantry for close support. The CO established a Recce Assault Squadron composed of three troops of seven tanks, one for each tank squadron, and a six-tank Mortar Support Troop. They were mounted in turretless Stuart tanks fitted with 2-inch mortars and .30-inch Browing machine-guns. The five infantrymen per tank were armed with Thompson and Sten sub-machine guns and grenades. The squadron made joint armour-infantry operations a reality.
The PR shared in liberating Italy from German occupation during 1944 and 1945, serving as infantry in the snow of the Winter line. At the War’s end Pretoria Regiment added to theatre honours of South West Africa 1914-1915 and Madagascar 1942 the honours of, Italy 1944-1945, Bagno Regio, Sarteano, La Foce, Florence, the Gothic line, Monte Caterelto and Po Valley. After fighting as the tank regiment of the 24th Guards Brigade for six months, the Pretoria Regiment was granted colours in the form of wings behind the PR headdress badge.
By 1945, 406.133 full-time volunteers had served in the Union Defence Force full-time or part-time- whites, the Indian and Malay corps (later called the Cape Corps) and Native Military Corps, the Woman’s Services, the SA Air Force and the SA Naval Forces of ninety-five armed trawlers and whale catchers as corvettes and mine sweepers in the South Atlantic and Mediterranean. The SA Air Force numbered 35 squadrons flying 82.401 operational missions in Abyssinia, the Western Desert, Tunisia, Italy, the Balkans and the Romanian oilfields and at sea. To supply the Polish uprising in Warsaw against the German occupation in August 1944, Liberator bombers flew 2500km from Italy in 41 missions. All, even Permanent Force personnel, were enrolled in the Active Citizen Force for the period of the war.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
October 11, 1943 - July 27, 1946
Subject
The topic of the resource
Cpl. Julius Fisher seems to have originally joined as part of the N.V.B. (National Volunteer Brigade), He was sent to Egypt for training before being sent to Italy. There are lots of photos with him and different Italian women and plenty of tourist photos of famous places in Genoa, Rome, and Venice. His shoulder device indicates he may have been part of Alpha Squadron. Post war he worked in a small arms store depot in Genoa that was likely a gathering point for captured enemy weapons. There is one photo of a dead German soldier who looks burned, and a wounded Italian soldier with severe lacerations on his left buttocks and leg. These two photos were actually removed from the album when I purchased it and were contained in a small envelope tucked in the back of the album along with photos of a dead Mussolini and a photo of a younger Julius in uniform. It's possible that the veteran removed these more graphic photos to when sharing the album with family, but kept them in the envelope.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Acquired from The War Store in Johannesburg, South Africa. Additional information pulled from Wikipedia.
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Document Grouping for WWII German POW Walter Schmitt
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Prisoner of War A.F. W3000 Transfer Slip for German POW Walter Schmitt
Subject
The topic of the resource
A slip showing his transfer into British military custody after leaving the United States.
Description
An account of the resource
This document gives some of the most detailed information on Walter Schmitt's military service. His identity disk identified him as a Panzer Jager (Pz. Jg.) anti-tank unit. He was part of the 334th Infantry Division's 755 Grenadier Regiment 3rd Battalion 10th Company. His place of capture is listed as Tebourba on May 9th, 1943.
The 334th Infantry Division was set up on 25 November 1942 as "Kriemhilde" unit of the military districts XIII, XVII and XVIII at the Grafenwoehr training area. It was unusual that their three regiments (754, 755, 756) were drawn up from three different military districts (754/XIII – Nuremberg, 755/XVII – Vienna, 756/XVIII – Salzburg). It had two infantry regiments (754 and 755) and a mountain infantry regiment (756). The division was already destined for a deployment in Africa at this point in time. In January 1943 the division was transferred by ship from Naples to Africa and assigned to the 5th Panzer Army in Tunisia, in a time where the supply ports of the Axis, as well as its forces, where threatened to be encircled in the winter of 1942/43. Its lead elements of the 754. Infanterie-Regiment arrived in Bizerta in late December 1942 under the command of Oberst Friedrich Weber (promoted to Generalmajor on Jan.1,1943), with the rest of the Division arriving by 15 January 1943.
Together with the 10th Panzer Division and the Division “von Manteuffel”, they successfully defended Tunis and northern Tunisia in the "Run for Tunis" in January 1943 as part of the "Company Eilbote" (Unternehmen Eilbote). Between February and March the division ("Kampfgruppe Krause") stayed in the northern Tunisian mountains and remained continually engaged, suffering heavy losses amid heavy fighting, in a series of fierce and costly engagements that cost the division dearly in casualties that it could not replace. The 334th was involved in the storming of Djebel Manson. In late April 1943, "Gruppe Audorff" of the division participated in an attack on the heights of Medjez el Bab. After a week of bloody fighting, the 756.Geb.Inf.Rgt. retired from the heights it had recently regained and moved back towards Tunis. The 334th Division was separated from the rest of the army with the volunteer organization “Phalange africaine” of the Vichy regime, which had been assigned to the Division's 754.Inf.Rgt.(mot.), and surrendered to the Allied troops in the Beja area on 8 May 1943, a few days before the fall of Tunis in the Bizerta bridgehead.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
Earliest date on the form appears to be February 21st, 1946 and the latest date is February 13th 1947
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Document Grouping for WWII German POW Walter Schmitt
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Prisoner of War Index Card for German POW Walter Schmitt
Subject
The topic of the resource
POW Index Card created by British authorities for his file.
Description
An account of the resource
Born in Wesel Germany in 1922 he was a university student when he entered military service. His religion is listed as Catholic. His rank is listed as Obergefreiter. The red stamp reads something in German which is likely "Application for compensation under the KgfEG. Delivered on April 30, 1954 to (some center unreadable) in Krefeld" Krefeld appears to be his hometown as he has listed his father's address in Krefeld as next of kin. One of the two photos appears to be torn off from the file where it was glued. It was likely a front angle mugshot. Unclear as to why it was torn off the file. The back of the card has some of his movements recorded. Starting with Camp 180 in Trumpington Camp, Trumpington, Cambridgeshire the transferred on the 5th of March 1946 to Newton Camp, Newton-with-Scales, Kirkham, Lancashire. He was then transferred Warth Mills Camp 177 to Brookmill Camp 168 on the 15th of April 1947. Finally on May 1st, 1947 he was transferred from Camp 168 to Hull for repatriation. There is also an additional stamp under authority and some German writing the meaning of which is not immediately apparent.
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
British and Commonwealth WWII Training Manuals
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Rafting and Bridging Military Training Pamplet No.74 Part III Assault Crossing Equipment
Subject
The topic of the resource
Prepared by the War Office ahead of both the D-Day landings and operation Market Garden. A fascinating look at military river crossing technology during the final stages of war.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Acquired from Le Poilu in Paris, France
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
January 1944
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Document Grouping for WWII German POW Walter Schmitt
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Red Cross Letter for German POW Walter Schmitt
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Document Grouping for WWII German POW Walter Schmitt
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Red Cross Letter from German POW Walter Schmitt
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
January 2nd 1946
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Neutral Countries WWII Training Manuals
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Rialacháin Fórsaí Cosanta (Defence Force Regulations) R.T. 2. (T.R.2). Drill Arm Le Muscaeid (Arms Drill with Rifles). Rialacháin Tréineála Uimh. 2. (Training Regulations No. 2).
Subject
The topic of the resource
Irish Defence Forces Training Manual from the Emergency period. It's printed in both Irish and English. The intro has a copy of Frank Aiken's (Minister of Defence) signature.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Purchased from The Barnardo Square book market in Dublin, Ireland
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1942
-
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Japanese WWII Letters
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Rickshaw Driver Letters
Subject
The topic of the resource
A series of letters written by a rickshaw driver in WWII Era Japan towards the end of the war discussing a Mr. Yasuda.
Description
An account of the resource
Pg1
この安田一殿の、人情がたぶりある自々のペン先でも一日も早くしやいせきと、解決をつけてオ店へ
出勤をしたい、それに引き換え係長がありながらもいくちも休んでも尋ねには来ない人情がなさすぎ
る
成りあがり者ほど下者を見下げて、したものをやたらに使う、すべての人は、いくら小生が、手紙を、
出しても車夫見下げて、返事をくれぬが安田一殿は偉い方
Mr. Yasuda has so much compassion in his writing, he quickly wants to solve this issue and
head to the store to work. On the other hand, the chief has no compassion at all, despite his
position he takes days off without permission.
Those who have risen to power tend to look down on those below them and use their power
excessively. Everyone, no matter how many letters I send, looks down on me as a porter and
won't even bother to reply. But Mr. Yasuda is truly a great person.
Pg2
昭和20年七月十七日（火）午前十時に着す小雪が時々降り。
この方に免じて小生は何事も我慢を、して御国と安田の為に御奉公をする者なる
七、七日八九十十一十二十三十四十五十六十七日を休日
この方はあくまでも身分を、見下げつ小生にありがたき返事をくれた、この人が、眞との人なり人情
あつき人である、それに引き換え永年の車夫、不用であるからいらぬともす人もある、人力車も今は
重大の、役割をはたす、とおときがすりんの代用を、はたす人力車夫なり
July 17th, 1945 (Tuesday) 10 am, light snow was falling from time to time.
For the sake of him, I endure everything and am a servant for the sake of the country and
Yasuda. July, 7th, 8th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, and 17th are days off.
This person gave me a grateful response without looking down on my status. He is a truly
kind-hearted person who values human relationships. On the other hand, there are those who
may say they don't need the eternal rickshaw puller, but the rickshaw still plays a significant role
today. Rickshaw puller doing the job of the long lost gasoline.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Purchased from Kaiser Bill's Military Emporium in Pomona, CA U.S.A. Translation provided by Yuske Tamura.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
July 17th, 1945
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
German WWII ID Documents
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Soldbuch for Grenadier Karl Krass
Subject
The topic of the resource
This Solbuch is an interesting example of the dire state of the German army towards the end of the war. This soldier was only 18 when this replacement Soldbuch certificate was issued and the certificate itself was printed on the front of a military postcard. It seems that his original Soldbuch was later found and then this certificate was tucked in the front cover.
Description
An account of the resource
A translation of the front insert below:
Certificate
This certificate also serves as an identity card (replacement for a military pay book) for
Grenadier Karl Krass
Born: 23 June 1926 in Metelen, Westphalia
Religion: Catholic
Marital status: Single
Occupation: Student
Entered service: 1 July 1944
Father: Heinrich Krass
Metelen, Westphalia
Mühlenstraße 53a
With the company since: 15 October 1944
Transferred from: J.G. Ersatz-Kompanie 416
(Replacement Company 416)
Replacement troop unit: Grenadier Replacement Battalion 77
Mülheim an der Ruhr
W.M.A.: Coesfeld in Westphalia
Military registration number: 1892
Decorations/Awards: None
Grenadier Krass states that he lost his military pay book as well as his leave papers during the return journey from leave.
A duplicate copy will be issued after completion of the investigation.
O.U., 15 December 1944
(signed)
Lieutenant and Company Commander