4 10 65 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/7ae295dd95d3f116d20739d482af51bc.jpg 7d4b34a56981a253c4c2a631425e5e66 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/5c8913345175f5e26dff800473c6cbf4.jpg e9ea4758e53475aab968330edb540707 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Document Grouping for WWII German POW Walter Schmitt Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letter Home from German POW Walter Schmitt https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/67e84b00aea770f3b81ff95acb48928a.jpg b092e222f4726893c54b7884f407450d https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/0ad215de32e6d5b83c7971a31ec74242.jpg 7f96c787537bb47b5bc1416e5447c22e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Document Grouping for WWII German POW Walter Schmitt Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Letter Home from German POW Walter Schmitt 2 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 21st 1944 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/48c7d865f2cb50ca7b0230b47b820823.jpg 5cf4fea73ccc7ef7b78bd6f9e7602406 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Document Grouping for WWII German POW Walter Schmitt Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mail Envelope from German POW Walter Schmitt https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/476aef5621878b8009b2fde2f98414ca.jpg c7b2450faeaad7e2083b3c3b16a770bc https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/59a93b35e6214670b757565921189b90.jpg 87fe6650642110f3657d70484bc47232 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Japanese WWII Photos Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Printed photo on sheet of card stock. May have been taken from a booklet or collection published at the time. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mandalay Road Japanese Propaganda Photo Subject The topic of the resource A line of Japanese infantry advance across a smoke filled battlefield with fixed bayonets and a drawn katana. Description An account of the resource Translation of Japanese text on the reverse: "Approaching the enemy covertly After conquering Rangoon the Imperial Japanese army is doing a reverse spear toward northern Burma. Through intense heat attacking the weak points of the British forces creating a “Mandalay Road”, on May 1st we have occupied Mandalay. The Mandalay Operation was comparable to the Malayn Blitz Campaign in size and range. The Chiang Kai-shek Army supplied with US air force with British Mechanized Unit focused together to create the ABC Combined Force. Creating a defense line around natural formations that they called “impregnable”. The allied military analyst have all sung that deep Burma is impossible to conquer. Despite that after the fall of Rangoon 53 days ago we have focused out efforts on Mandalay and under 30 days we have manage to split the American, British, Chinese combined forces. A great feat achievable solely by the Imperial Army. For the Chinese army being danced around by the British-Chinese Alliance protecting the Burma Road at all cost, the fall of Mandalay was ironically digging their own grave. Out of all the Chinese troops how many can return to Yunnan Province through the Burma Road? To our soldiers the “Mandalay Road” was possible because of their hardship and sacrifice, fighting for around 50 days. Unsheathing the bayonets and commanding with Katana’s the white knights charge into the Mandalay defense line. Their sight of charging into the “Mandalay Road” for 800 km was a quite the sight to see." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 29th, 1942 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Translations provided by Yuske Tamura https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/401df29125e75ed0ebc332564864aa0f.jpg f880cb73176c26e544be740d4240ef84 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/6c517447850db045d95477958f7c93a6.jpg 4ff9e9dd7b2b080d1758940a7be919a2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource US WWII Photos Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Photo Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Motorcycle Commandos in Training Description An account of the resource ROUGH WORK BUT THEY LIKE IT! CAMP CARSON, COLO. - Commando training has nothing on the work these rough riding cyclists of the reconnaissance troop, Camp Carson, Colo., do to keep their machines ready for the battle front where paved highways are apt to be conspicuous by their absence. Photo No 3 A soldier's army motorcycle makes a good shield in combat. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource U.S. Signal Corps from "ACME" Chicago Bureau The Minneapolis Star Journal Rotogravure Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 23rd 1943 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/2d286cb9d61028c5c104a8c9312e285c.jpg 28629bdac3c0cd9607af50cf3b133048 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/085381a018a3e2804b0370102d41d3d5.jpg a2a2ed5eb5c54541cb228f131095ddf0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Document Grouping for WWII German POW Walter Schmitt Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Newsletter to All Former Prisoners of War in the USA from German POW Walter Schmitt Grouping Subject The topic of the resource Letter from an organization advocating for compensation for those who had been POWs in the United States and used as laborers there. Interesting to see the organization cite the Geneva Convention and fair treatment and compensation for prisoners in light of the German treatment of prisoners and use of prison labor during the war. Description An account of the resource Full text translated from German below: "Community of Interests Former Prisoner of War in the USA - Headquarters in Cologne Cologne, November 1950. At Kumpchenshof 6 Long distance call 77177 Newsletter to all former prisoners of war in the USA. The response to the open words of our announcement in the daily press is clear evidence of the realization that the association of all former POWs to assert their claim for payment of back wages cannot be postponed any longer. The demands of the former prisoners of war - who worked in the USA - have not yet been disputed by anyone! According to the Geneva Convention, the prisoner of war is to be treated on an equal footing with the soldiers of his own reserve army in terms of accommodation and food, i.e. that the prisoner of war under no circumstances has to pay for his own maintenance. There can therefore be no doubt that the US government was not entitled to withhold the wages the prisoners of war deserved. 6 dollars per day must be taken into account for accommodation and food. - As well as the legal situation! The well-known dpa report from August 7th ds. Js. has drawn a lot of explanations from various places, none of which, however, should be viewed as denials. What is interesting in this context is the statement by the chairman of the Steuben-Schurz-Gesellscrafft, Mr. Mayor Braden/Geisenheim The chairman of the German Relief Committee in the USA, Mister Hauser, wanted to try to get an amount of 300 million dollars released from the American government to support the German housing program, and that this sum corresponded to the amount of wages withheld from the former German prisoners of war ....! The idea of using the back wages of former prisoners of war for housing construction is not bad in itself, but no one is entitled and authorized to dispose of these back wages than those who, through their work - sometimes under the most difficult conditions - have a right for the payment of a fair wage. The question of a satisfactory regulation of the cashing of the dollar checks, which were paid out in worthless Reichsmarks by setting a deadline, is also open; According to reports, the US government transferred a sum of 76 million dollars to the federal government for the cashing of the dollar checks. turn around! The paths we will take have been mapped out, and we will secure the support of well-known experts in international law. The prerequisite for achieving our goal as soon as possible is the unification of all former POWs in the USA and the provision of the necessary resources to align such a large organization with the common goal and to push through the legitimate demands. After carefully examining the resources to be spent, we have come to the decision to charge each member an expense contribution of 2 DM, which we ask to transfer using the enclosed payment card. Correct business management is guaranteed by the articles of association (see appendix). We will present you with the declaration of accession, which must be filled out carefully as it will be used as a document for your legal claim. Lastly, we ask them. to notify all former US prisoners of war known to you in order to register their claims or to provide us with their addresses. We keep you updated about our work. With comradely greetings! Interest group for former war prisoners in the USA - headquarters in Cologne Managing Director. Attachments: Declaration of membership Statutes Payment card and addressed envelope" Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 1950 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/e468c4848d2bfc01e83f0e5a4309dad9.jpg d92dc2c31dfd3528d685808f58562c15 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/4165b2da15eaeacaf2067dd5a282635a.jpg e6d5595740f12d1d45bde59391d36c7d https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/a2a7b11315df4b89ec563a72e47eef78.jpg e7b98b9623d5c09bcdb43fb5a7c20734 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/a4aa343af8144806f2076fbfa40ee90c.jpg 09e5cebe1a7ff58517e244036df4cd8a https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/bad9caf9bcc6c85f3a77761acb541557.jpg c465e5d0729d77c4a68d7530eca329a0 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/0153a11e17e8e5a1421524dca966cb77.jpg c43a448c216be9cead449afc62b31f95 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/99fa1e38dc2d21b9eacc992e4d5b5b77.jpg c12b4e5569d928398085faff5dc11537 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/e2e10ba92fa974d567b20d6475c44783.jpg 953dd7c93ed98078085acb4d7cff4078 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/f9353b4b15bd3ba86ddaca130b3c61ba.jpg cf825bab09c6b7bb7a23be3cec8f60bc https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/5bc2dc1f06f5681dda40f6fd628ce972.jpg 558726ce9eff983122a2e1a12bcaf5ee https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/8987614b3eddf740b3de0c2efc2f2f02.jpg 813d71dfe60199c7ec07287448ef5f2c https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/d3fc5f5aa5e49fb2f3e99d7bd18bec69.jpg 93c3675dd1544b6c06c7a35b191998b8 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/11d29195883a97d0464f335276f35ceb.jpg 2fd860c62134bc4555c58b21f5e32ca8 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/bf218679ff741805182cb28dee246479.jpg bf780e0cbee7634c04d9abfc8fd561df Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource German WWII ID Documents Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pferdepass (Horse Passport) Occupied Poland Description An account of the resource This is a WWII Pferdepass issued by the Nazi occupation government in Poland. Similar to a Wehrpass for horses it appears that a version of this document is still used today. The document has most of the text written in German with Polish translations underneath. This particular horse lived in Nienadówka which fell under Rzeszów County (Renamed "Reichshof" by the occupying government, both the original Polish name and German name are used side by side here). This was administratively part of the Kraków District for the German occupying forces. The horse was originally registered at the relevant Ministry of Livestock registry in Sokołów. It was first registered on September 11th 1941 and later had a change of ownership June 23rd 1943. The listed owner is likely Michal Groz (or possibly Gróg – handwriting is a bit stylized). The horse appears to have been inspected at least three times by military inspectors in 1942, 1943, and finally in 1945, but there's no corresponding record of military service so for whatever reason either the Wehrmacht did not want it or failed to record its service history in the book. Interestingly, there's a "Lot Price" list on the back cover with corresponding breakdowns in Polish Zloty per piece. This appears to be the cost of the booklet. The average number of horses in the German army during WWII was over 1 million where they served an important logistical function. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived This was purchased at Diggers Military Collectables in Johannesburg, South Africa. Translation by Google and ChatGPT. Additional information taken from Wikipedia. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 11th, 1941 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/b10d41ae33cafd16fa456d329656c7b4.jpg 1474ca56bdb5a4f9091b0f9862cab440 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/678c8da113b9437ec7f9bacd5c3ce9d4.jpg 012cb26580671eee197ea45c71b37361 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Japanese WWII Photos Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Photo Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Photo of a young Japanese woman reviewed by G2 Military Intelligence from US 25th Infantry Division Description An account of the resource Photo of a smiling Japanese woman that was taken from an Imperial Japanese soldier by someone from the US 25th Infantry Division. Stamp on the back of the photo reads "This item has been examined and all military information extracted. Language section, G-2, 25th Inf Div. Date 26 Jan 45 Initials (Unreadable signature). The date is difficult to read but is most likely January 26th 1945 when the division was fighting through central Luzon in the Philippines, moving through Binalonan and occupying Umingan, Lupao, and San Jose, destroying Japanese armor in the area. This photo was likely taken along with a group of letters or other documents from the soldier who was either captured or killed and then turned over to someone in the unit's military intelligence G2 for review. The reviewing G2 soldier was likely a Japanese American assigned to the unit by MIS (Military Intelligence Service). This photo was acquired alone with no material context so like many captured period photos the featured woman will likely never be identified. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Acquired from Don Kochi as part of the Tom Long collection Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 26th 1945 https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/6478a0f8d3343f36dd748726767316e2.jpg aac92ad9186e19bcac3c6449af39727a https://cicmuseum.org/files/original/4258d10cfacf6bc3a941a68d3e9d88d8.jpg d8ea156d404e459771f4cc1ef10a5696 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Japanese WWII Letters Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Postcard by Steamer Mail Subject The topic of the resource This is a formal business communication likely tied to shipping or travel between Japan and Japanese Colonial Korea (noted in the printed schedule). The sender, likely someone named 信宣 (Nobunori), is replying to Mr. Tanabe confirming receipt of instructions, acknowledging understanding, and indicating that further communication will be given in person when the ship departs and arrives. The tone is very respectful, using older formal Japanese, common in Meiji-Taisho period business or official correspondence. Written in September 1940 it is unclear how exactly these two men were involved in Japan's colonial occupation in Korea. This could be military or related to a commercial business enterprise. Over five million Koreans were conscripted for labour beginning in 1939, and tens of thousands of men were forced into Japan's military. Nearly 400,000 Korean labourers died. Approximately 200,000 girls and women, mostly from China and Korea, were forced into sexual slavery for the Japanese military. Traditional Korean culture suffered heavy losses, as numerous Korean cultural artefacts were destroyed or taken to Japan. To this day, valuable Korean artefacts can often be found in Japanese museums or among private collections. One investigation by the South Korean government identified 75,311 cultural assets that were taken from Korea, 34,369 in Japan and 17,803 in the United States. However, experts estimate that over 100,000 artefacts actually remain in Japan. There is also the possibility that one or both of the correspondents is actually Korean since during the Japanese annexation, the Korean language was suppressed in an effort to eradicate Korean national identity. Koreans were forced to take Japanese surnames, known as Sōshi-kaimei. However, it is also possible that one or both of the correspondents are Japanese colonial settlers. There was significant emigration to the overseas territories of the Empire of Japan during the Japanese occupation period, including Korea. By the end of World War II, there were over 850,000 Japanese settlers in Korea. After World War II, most of these overseas Japanese repatriated to Japan. Migrants who remained squatted in informal settlements. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 4, 1940 Description An account of the resource Front of Postcard: Image Description (Bottom text under the ship): Japanese (vertical, right to left): 關釜連絡汽船 関釜連絡汽船 (Kankō Renraku Kisen) → Kanpu Ferry Line 船名: 景福丸・九州丸・廣徳丸・八幡丸 → Ship names: Keifuku-maru, Kyūshū-maru, Kōtoku-maru, Yahata-maru 速度: 20ノット (knots) → Speed: 20 knots 所要時間: 約六時間二十分 → Required time: Approximately 6 hours and 20 minutes Handwritten & Stamped Text (Right-hand side): 関釜 (Kampu) – Shimonoseki–Busan route 鈴木 (Suzuki) 黒田 (Kuroda) 桑野 (Kuwano) 桑井 (Kuwai) 吉田 (Yoshida) 豊田 (Toyoda) 天保 (Tenpō) The stamps are Japanese "Chop Marks" from officials likely involved in processing, delivering, or screening the letter. Back of Postcard: きかは便郵 (Kikaha binyuu): "Postcard by steamer mail" (likely referring to a shipboard or naval mail service). Recipient (Right side, written vertically): This is the recipient's address and name, written in traditional Japanese order (right to left, top to bottom): 三重縣 津市 (Mie-ken Tsu-shi) – Tsu City, Mie Prefecture 西橋詰通 (Nishihashizume-dōri) – Nishihashizume Street 津協同会社 (Tsu Kyōdō Kaisha) – Tsu Cooperative Company 田辺康兵様 (Tanabe Kōhei-sama) – Mr. Tanabe Kōhei This tells us that the postcard was intended for a man named Kōhei Tanabe, working or residing at the Tsu Cooperative Company in Mie Prefecture. Bottom Chart: This table details shipping schedules between Kanmon (Shimonoseki) and Pusan (Busan): Departure from Shimonoseki Arrival at Pusan 10:30 AM and 11:00 PM 6:30 PM and 8:10 AM next day Departure from Pusan Arrival at Shimonoseki 10:40 AM and 9:30 PM 6:30 PM and 7:00 AM next day 拝復 貴信之通り 了解致候 尤も當方出發之節 汽船着之節に於て 口頭申上候 先便申上度候 甚而不一筆申上候 下関信宣 Respectful reply, In accordance with your esteemed message, I fully understand. At the time of our departure, and upon the ship’s arrival, I will report to you verbally. I wished to inform you sooner, but was unable to write until now. With regards from Shimonoseki, — Nobunori (信宣) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Purchased from Don Kochi and part of the Tom Long collection. Translation provided by Yuske Tamura and ChatGPT. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource British and Commonwealth WWII Photo Albums Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pretoria Armour Regiment Photo Album of Cpl. Julius Fisher Description An account of the resource The Pretoria Regiment was formed on 1 July 1913 as the 12th Infantry Battalion (The Pretoria Regiment) – a unit of the Active Citizen Force – by the amalgamation of several units: the Pretoria Company of the Transvaal Scottish, the Central South African Railway Volunteers, the Northern Mounted Rifles and the Pretoria detachment of the Transvaal Cycle and Motor Corps. The Regiment began as an Infantry Bn and served the UDF in this capacity for 30 years from 1913 to 1943.In 1943, the PR converted to Armour at the RAC depots in Egypt - for the Italian Campaign, as part of the 6 SA Armoured Division - and has served the UDF, the SADF and the SANDF in both these capacities since then. The Regiment founded in 1913 as The XIIth Infantry Battalion ( The Pretoria Regiment) in 1929 it was remanded 'The Pretoria Regiment (Princess Alice's Own) in 1936 the 1st Battalion Pretoria Regiment (Princess Alice's Own) as well as the 2nd Battalion Pretoria Regiment (Princess Alice's Own) in 1941 The Amalgamated Pretoria Regiment ( Princess Alice's Own) in 1946 1 Pretoria Regiment (Princess Alice's own) as well as the 2 Pretoria Regiment (Princess Alice's Own) in 1945 The Amalgamated Pretoria Regiment in 2019 the Regiment was renamed to The Pretoria Armour Regiment. When War came the UDF was poorly prepared, having only begun re-armament in 1936 as a war with Germany seemed possible. On Parliament’s declaration of war after Germany’s invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 the permanent Force was only 3353 and the ACF was 14631 Active Citizen Force soldiers, sailors and airmen. Besides the trained manpower shortage, the UDF’s usual supplier of armaments, Britain, was unable to satisfy her own needs let alone the countries of the Commonwealth. South Africa had to look after herself. Fortunately under the leadership of Dr Hendrik van der Bijl, the famous South African electrical engineer and industrialist, within two years the country had develop her own war industries, making artillery, armoured cars, lorries, tires and all kinds of ammunition and optical gun-sights. In 1940 fascist Italy entered the War on German side when Holland, Belgium and France surrendered and British and some French forces were evacuated to England in June 1940. Italy attacked Sudan and Kenya and in August 1940 advanced into British Somaliland from the Italian East Africa colonies of Ethiopia, Italian Somaliland and Eritrea – which was seen as the root of potential threats to South Africa. From 1940 the 1st SA Infantry Division fought in Somalia, took part in liberating Abyssinia (Ethiopia) and then in Lybia, together with the 2nd SA Infantry Division captured Bardia and the German Division Bardia of Panzer Gruppe Africa in January 1942. The 1st SA Infantry Division suffered heavy losses at Sidi Rezegh in operation Crusader 1941, but fought successfully at El Alamain in October 1942. However, the 2nd SA Infantry Division surrendered to Gen Erwin Rommel at Tobruk in June 1942, losing two brigades and a number of attached British and Indian soldiers, although some units escaped. At first the PR’s war was dull. The 1st Battalion’s 364 volunteers were mobilized only on 23 July 1940, the day after the 2nd Battalion. The PR’s departure from Pretoria station was marked by tearful farewells. Families believed the soldiers would be sent into action immediately. However, many of the men were at home that night as their train had taken them only to Premier Mine. They were retrained and as a unit of the 3rd SA Infantry Division (witch never left the country) they began a period of garrison duties, guarding the eastern border since in Pretoria there was a belief that enemy troops might invade through Mozambique. Then they guarded interned German citizens and performed all duties that often make war monotonous. By October, 1940, the 2nd BN was still much under strength and was amalgamated with 1st PR which then was designated simply the Pretoria Regiment (Princess Alice’s Own). Following the surprise attack by the Japanese on the US Navy at Pearl Harbour, Hawaii, on 7 December 1941, Japanese forces moved into the Indian Ocean early in 1942. To prevent a Japanese landing in Madagascar and perhaps on South Africa’s coast, British forces occupied the island. As a Battalion of the 7th SA Infantry Brigade, the Pretoria Regiment accompanied the British force. The Regiment took part in amphibious landings and some small engagements with the Vichy French garrison of Madagascar. Given the task of organizing the rear-guard if the Japanese landed. The CO, Lt Col CL Engelbrecht, DSO, realistically saw no chance of a rear-guard action. Instead he planned to turn the PR into a guerilla force to fight during a Japanese occupation. The Japanese did not invade and the Pretoria Regiment went home to prepare for its real war. Converting from Infantry to Tanks the Pretoria Regiment was attached to the new 6th Armoured division and sent to Egypt for full-scale armour training including a divisional to armour exercise in the desert at Khatatba. They then sailed to Italy and were introduced to armour warfare north of Rome, at Bagnoregio, where the first Military Cross was earned by Lt Fred Davey. Eventually, 1200 strong, the PR consisted of five squadrons. One squadron was the reconnaissance-Assault Squadron. As the Reconnaissance Regiment of the 6th Armoured Division early in 1945 the PR needed Infantry for close support. The CO established a Recce Assault Squadron composed of three troops of seven tanks, one for each tank squadron, and a six-tank Mortar Support Troop. They were mounted in turretless Stuart tanks fitted with 2-inch mortars and .30-inch Browing machine-guns. The five infantrymen per tank were armed with Thompson and Sten sub-machine guns and grenades. The squadron made joint armour-infantry operations a reality. The PR shared in liberating Italy from German occupation during 1944 and 1945, serving as infantry in the snow of the Winter line. At the War’s end Pretoria Regiment added to theatre honours of South West Africa 1914-1915 and Madagascar 1942 the honours of, Italy 1944-1945, Bagno Regio, Sarteano, La Foce, Florence, the Gothic line, Monte Caterelto and Po Valley. After fighting as the tank regiment of the 24th Guards Brigade for six months, the Pretoria Regiment was granted colours in the form of wings behind the PR headdress badge. By 1945, 406.133 full-time volunteers had served in the Union Defence Force full-time or part-time- whites, the Indian and Malay corps (later called the Cape Corps) and Native Military Corps, the Woman’s Services, the SA Air Force and the SA Naval Forces of ninety-five armed trawlers and whale catchers as corvettes and mine sweepers in the South Atlantic and Mediterranean. The SA Air Force numbered 35 squadrons flying 82.401 operational missions in Abyssinia, the Western Desert, Tunisia, Italy, the Balkans and the Romanian oilfields and at sea. To supply the Polish uprising in Warsaw against the German occupation in August 1944, Liberator bombers flew 2500km from Italy in 41 missions. All, even Permanent Force personnel, were enrolled in the Active Citizen Force for the period of the war. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 11, 1943 - July 27, 1946 Subject The topic of the resource Cpl. Julius Fisher seems to have originally joined as part of the N.V.B. (National Volunteer Brigade), He was sent to Egypt for training before being sent to Italy. There are lots of photos with him and different Italian women and plenty of tourist photos of famous places in Genoa, Rome, and Venice. His shoulder device indicates he may have been part of Alpha Squadron. Post war he worked in a small arms store depot in Genoa that was likely a gathering point for captured enemy weapons. There is one photo of a dead German soldier who looks burned, and a wounded Italian soldier with severe lacerations on his left buttocks and leg. These two photos were actually removed from the album when I purchased it and were contained in a small envelope tucked in the back of the album along with photos of a dead Mussolini and a photo of a younger Julius in uniform. It's possible that the veteran removed these more graphic photos to when sharing the album with family, but kept them in the envelope. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Acquired from The War Store in Johannesburg, South Africa. Additional information pulled from Wikipedia.